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Enhanced Transport and Risk of a Highly Nonpolar Pollutant in the Presence of LNAPL in Soil-groundwater System: In Case of p-xylene and benz[a]anthracene  

Ryu, Hye-Rim (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University)
Han, Joon-Kyoung (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University)
Kim, Young-Jin (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University)
Nam, Kyoung-Phile (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment / v.12, no.4, 2007 , pp. 25-31 More about this Journal
Abstract
Characterizing the risk posed by a mixture of chemicals is a challenging task due to the chemical interactions of individual components that may affect their physical behavior and hence alter their exposure to receptors. In this study, cell tests that represent subsurface environment were carried out using benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and p-xylene focusing on phasetransforming interaction to verify increased mobility and risk of highly sorbed pollutants in the presence of less sorbed, mobile liquid pollutants. A transport model was also developed to interpret results and to simulate the same process on a field scale. The experimental results showed that BaA had far greater mobility in the presence of p-xylene than in the absence of that. The main transport mechanisms in the vadose zone were by dissolution to p-xylene or water. The transport model utilizing Defined Time Steps (DTS) was developed and tested with the experimental results. The predicted and observed values showed similar tendency, but the more work is needed in the future study for more precise modeling. The field-scale simulation results showed that transport of BaA to groundwater table was significantly faster in the presence of NAPL, and the oral carcinogenic risk of BaA calculated with the concentration in groundwater was 15${\sim}$87 times larger when mixed with NAPL than when solely contaminated. Since transport rate of PAHs is very slow in the subsurface without NAPL and no degradation of PAHs was considered in this simulation during the transport, the increase of risk in the presence of NAPL is expected to be greater for the actual contaminated site.
Keywords
Risk assessment; Exposure assessment; Chemical mixture; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL); Phase transformation;
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