[KSCI] Korea Science Citation Index Service

http://dx.doi.org/10.5467/JKESS.2018.39.1.23

Trace Fossils from the Late Pleistocene Marginal Marine Deposits of Jeju Island, Korea: Implications for the Psilonichnus and Skolithos Ichnofacies

Kim, Jeong Yul (Department of Earth Science Education, Korea National University of Education)
Kang, Ji Hyun (Jeju Science High School)

Publication Information

Journal of the Korean earth science society / v.39, no.1, 2018 , pp. 23-45 More about this Journal

Abstract

Moderately diverse, but very abundant trace fossils are found from the Late Pleistocene deposits of Jeju Island, Korea. Vertical I-, Y- and U-shaped domichnia of annelids or decapods are, over 2500, extremely abundant, 3D network domichnia of callianassids are, over 200, very abundant, and small sinuous trails of nematode repichnia are, over 50, abundant in number. Horizontal trails attributable to polychaete or worm-like animals are, less than 50, common, but horizontal spreiten burrows, fish traces and crab trackways are, less than 10, rare in occurrence. Of these trace fossils, Taenidium barretti, Undichna britannica and Undichna unisulca represent the first record from the Pleistocene in Asia. Psilonichnus upsilon is the second record in Asia. Crab trackways probably produced by underwater punting gait of sideway walking crabs may represent the first record in the world. In addition, diverse and very abundant footprints of more than 500 hominids, more than 200 birds and more than 1000 mammals are closely associated with these invertebrate trace fossils. Trace fossil assemblage integrated with sedimentary facies is interpreted to have been formed in the marginal marine foreshore to backshore environment corresponding to the Psilonichnus and Skolithos ichnofacies.

Keywords

trace fossils; Pleistocene; Psilonichnus and Skolithos ichnofacies; Jeju Island; Korea;

Citations & Related Records

Reference

1	Uchman, A., 1998, Taxonomy and ethology of flysch trace fossils: A revision of the Marian Ksiazkiewicz collection and studies of complementary material. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 68, 2-3, 105-218.
2	Uchman, A., Pika-Biolzi, M., and Hochuli, P.A., 2004, Oligocene trace fossils from temporary fluvial plain ponds: An example from the freshwater molasse of Switzerland. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 97, 133-148. DOI
3	Ulrlch, E.O., 1904, Fossils and age of the Yakutat Formation. Description of collections made chiefly near Kadiak, Alaska. Harriman Alaska Expedition, 4 (Geology and Paleontology), 125-146.
4	Walter, H., 1983, Zur Taxonomie, Okologie und Biostratigraphie der Ichnia limnisch-terrestrischer Arthropoden des mitteleuropaischen Jungpalaozoikums. Freiberger Forschungschefte, C 382, 146-193.
5	Wang, L.F., Lu, Z.S., Gong, D.H., Chen, B., and Li, F.Q., 2008, Restoration of late Triassic fish trace makers in Henshan County, Shaanxi Province, China. Journal of China University of Geoscience, 33, 12-18. (in Chinese with English abstract)
6	Wetzel, A., 1981, Okologische und stratigraphishe Bedeutung biogener Gefuge in quartaren Sedimenten am NW- afrikanishen Kontinentalrand. "Meteor" Forschungs-Ergebnisse, Reihe C, 34, 1-47.
7	Wetzel, A. and Bromley, R.G., 1996, Re-evaluation of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis-a new look at the type material. Palaeontology, 39, 1-20.
8	Wetzel, A., Kamelger, A., and Bromley, R.G., 1998, Taxonomic review of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis, with a statistical analysis of selected ichnospecies-a discussion. Ichnos, 5, 309-312.
9	Trewin, N.G., 2000, The ichnogenus Undichna, with examples from the Permian of the Falkland Islands. Palaeontology, 43, 979-997. DOI
10	Wroblewski, A.F.-J., 2008, Paleoenvironmental significance of Cretaceous and Paleocene Psilonichnus in southern Wyoming. Palaios, 23, 370-379. DOI
11	Yang, S., Hu, C., and Sun, Y., 1987, Discovery of Late Devonian trace fossils from Guodingshan district, Hanyang, China and its significance. Earth Science Journal of the Wuhan College of Geology, 12, 1-8. (In Chinese, with English summary.)
12	Gibert, J.M., Buatois, L.A., Fregenal-Martinez, M.A., Mángano, M.G., Ortega, F., Poyato-Ariza, F.J., and Wenz, S., 1999, The fish trace fossil Undichna from the Cretaceous of Spain. Palaeontology, 42, 409-427.
13	Gani, M.R., Bhattacharya, J.P., and MacEachern, J.A., 2009, Using ichnology to determine relative influence of waves, storms, tides and rivers in deltaic deposits: examples from Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, U.S.A. Applied Geology, Short Course Notes 52, Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), p. 1-18.
14	Gibbard, P.L., 1977, Fossil tracks from varved sediments near Lammi, South Finland. Geological Society of Finland Bulletin, 49, 53-57. DOI
15	Gibbard, P.L. and Stuart, A.J., 1974, Trace fossils from proglacial lake sediments. Boreas, 3, 69-74.
16	Gingras, M.K., Hubbard, S.M., Pemberton, S.G., and Saunders, T.A., 2000, The significance of Pleistocene Psilonichnus at Willapa Bay, Washington. Palaios, 15, 142-151. DOI
17	Goldring, R., 1962, The trace fossils of the Baggy Beds (Upper Devonian) of North Devon, England. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 36, 232-251.
18	Gregory, M.R., Campbell, K.A., and Zuraida, R., 2006, Plant trace resembling Skolithos. Ichnos, 13, 205-216. DOI
19	Haldeman, S.S., 1840, Supplement to number one of "a monograph of the Limniades, or frshwater univalve shells of North America" containing descriptions of apparently new animals in different classes, and the names and characters of the subgenera in Paludina and Anculosa. Philadelphia (private publication), 3 p.
20	Hakes, W.B., 1976, Trace fossils and depositional environment of four clastic units, Upper Pennsylvanian megacyclothems, northeast Kansas. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Article, 63, 1-46.
21	Han, Y. and Pickerill, R.K., 1995, Taxonomic revision of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis Heer 1877 with a statistical analysis of selected ichnospecies. Ichnos, 4, 83-118. DOI
22	Hall, J., 1847, Palaeontology of New York. Volume I. Containing description of the organic remains of the Lower Division of the New York System (equivalent in part to the Middle Silurian rocks of Europe). C. van Benthuysen, Albany, 338 p.
23	Hall, J., 1852, Palaeontology of New York. Volume II. Containing descriptions of the organic remains of the Lower Middle Division of the New York System (equivalent in part to the Middle Silurian rocks of Europe). C. van Benthuysen, Albany, 362 p.
24	Han, Y. and Pickerill, R.K., 1994, Taxonomic reassessment of Protovirgularia M'Coy 1850 with new examples from the Paleozoic of New Brunswick, eastern Canada. Ichnos, 3, 203-212. DOI
25	Hantzschel, W., 1962, Trace fossils and problematica. In: Moore, R.G. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part W, micellanea. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, New York and Lawrence, Kansas, W177-W245.
26	Archer, A.W. and Maples, C.G., 1984, Trace-fossil distribution across a marine-to-nonmarine gradient in the Pennsylvanian of southwestern Indiana. Journal of Paleontology, 58, 448-466.
27	Alpert, S.P., 1974, Systematic review of the genus Skolithos. Journal of Paleontology, 48, 661-669.
28	Anderson, A.M., 1976, Fish trails from the Early Permian of South Africa. Palaeontology, 19, 397-409.
29	Anderson, K.A. and Sauvagnat, J.A., 1998, Large columnar structures hiding Skolithos grandis n. isp. in Permian strata western U.S.A. Ichnos, 6, 167-182. DOI
30	Bradshaw, M.A., 1981, Paleoenvironmental interpretations and systematics of Devonian trace fossils from the Taylor Group (lower Beacon Supergroup), Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 24, 615-652. DOI
31	Bromley, R.G. and Asgaard, U., 1979, Triassic freshwater ichnocoenoses from Carlsberg Fjord, east Greenland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 28, 39-80. DOI
32	Buckman, J.O., 1995, A comment on annulate forms of Palaeophycus Hall 1847: with particular reference to P. 'annulatus' sensu Pemberton and Frey 1982, and the erection of P. crenulatus ichnosp. nov. Ichnos, 4, 131-140. DOI
33	Chamberlain, C.K., 1975, Recent lebensspuren in nonmarine aquatic environments. In: Frey, R. W. (ed.), The Study of Trace Fossils. Springer-Verlag, New York, 431-458.
34	Higgs, R., 1988, Fish trails in the Upper Carboniferous of south-west England. Palaeontology, 31, 255-272.
35	Hantzschel, W., 1975, Trace fossils and problematica. In: Teichert, C. (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part W, miscellanea, supplement I. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Boulder, Colorado and Lawrence, Kansas, W1-W269.
36	Heer, O., 1876-1877, Flora fossilis Helvetiae. Die vorweltliche Florader Schweiz. Verlag J. Wurster & CO., Zurich. 182 pp. [Parts 1,2 (1876): p. 1-90; parts 3,4 (1877): p. 91-182.
37	Heinberg, C., 1974, A dynamic model for a meniscus filled tunnel (Ancorichnus n. Ichnogen.) from the Jurassic Pecten Sandstone of Milne Land, East Greenland. Rapport Grolands Geologiske Undersogelse, 62, 1-20.
38	Howard, J.D. and Frey, R.W., 1984, Characteristic trace fossils in nearshore to offshore sequences, Upper Cretaceous of east central Utah. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 21, 200-219. DOI
39	Hiscott, R.N., 1982, Tidal deposits of the Lower Cambrian Random Formation, eastern Newfoundland: facies and paleoenvironments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19, 2028-2042. DOI
40	Hitchcock, E., 1858, Ichnology of New England. A report on the sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, especially its footprints. W. White, Boston, 220 p.
41	Hu, B., Zhou, F., and Song, H., 2010, Ichnofossils and their sedimentary environments in the Lower Permian Taiyuan Formation in Jiaozuo area, Henan Province. Journal of Palaeogeography, 12, 577-588 (in Chinese with English abstract).
42	Jackson, A.M., Hasiotis, S.T., and Flaig, P.P., 2016, Ichnology of a paleopolar, river-dominated, shallow marine deltaic succession in the Mackellar Sea: The Mackellar Formation (Lower Permian), Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 441, 266-291. DOI
43	Keighley, D.G. and Pickerill, R.K., 1994, The ichnogenus Beaconites and its relationship to Ancorichnus and Taenidium. Palaeontology, 37, 305-337.
44	Keighley, D.G. and Pickerill, R.K., 1995, Commentary: the ichnotaxa Palaeophycus and Planolites, historical perspectives and recommendations. Ichnos, 3, 301-309.
45	Keighley, D.G. and Pickerill, R.K., 1997, Systematic ichnology of the Mabou and Cumberland groups (Carboniferous) of Western Cape Breton Island, eastern Canada, 1: burrows, pits, trails, and coprolites. Atlantic Geology, 33, 181-215.
46	Clausen, C.K. and Vilhjalmsson, M., 1986, Substrate control of Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Bornholm, Denmark. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 56, 51-68. DOI
47	Chamberlain, C.K., 1978a, A guidebook to the trace fossils and paleoecology of the Ouachita Geosyncline. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa(Oklahoma), 68 p.
48	Chamberlain, C.K., 1978b, Recognition of trace fossils in cores. In: Basan, P. B. (ed.), Trace Fossil Concepts, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogist Short Course, 5, 119-166.
49	Clark, R.B., 1964, Dynamics in metazoan evolution. The origin of the coelom and segments. Clarendon, Oxford. 313 p.
50	Courel, L., Demathieu, G., and Gall, J.-C., 1979, Figures sedimentaires et traces d' origine biologique du Trias moyen de la bordure orientale du Massif Central (France): Signification sedimentologique et paleoecologique. Geobios: Paleontologie, Stratigraphie, Paleoecologie, 12, 379-397.
51	Crimes, T.P., 1994, The period of early evolutionary failure and the dawn of evolutionary success: the record of biotic changes across the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. In: Donovan, S.K. (ed.), The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 105-133.
52	Crimes, T.P., Goldring, R., Homewood, P., Van Stuijvenberg, J., and Winkler, W., 1981, Trace fossil assemblages of deep-sea fan deposits, Gurnigel and Schlieren flysch (Cretaceous-Eocene), Switzerland. Ecologae Geologicae Helvetiae, 74, 953-995.
53	Kim, J.Y., Kim, K.S., Lockley, M.G., and Matthews, N., 2008b, Hominid ichnology: an exploration of a neglected discipline. Ichnos, 15, 126-139. DOI
54	Kennedy, W.J., 1967, Burrows and surface traces form the Lower Chalk of southern England. British Museum (Natural History) Bulletin, Geology, 15, 125-167.
55	Kim, J.Y. and Lockley, M.G., Avian and mammalian tracks from the Pleistocene deposits of Jeju Island, Korea. (in preparation)
56	Kim, J.Y., Kim, K.S., and Lockley, M.G., 2008a, Hominid ichnology: tracking our own origins. Ichnos, 16, 105-108.
57	Kim, K.S. and Kim, J.Y., 2006, Review on the stratigraphy and geological age of the hominid footprints-bearing strata, Jeju Island Korea. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 27, 236-246.
58	Kim, K. S., Kim, J. Y., Kim, S.H., Lee, C.Z., and Lim, J.D., 2009, Preliminary report on hominid and other vertebrate footprints from the Late Quaternary strata of Jeju Island, Korea. Ichnos, 16, 1-11. DOI
59	Ksiazkiewic, M., 1977, Trace fossils in the flysch of the Polish Carpathians. Palaeontologia Polonica, 36, 1-208.
60	Lu, T.Q., Wang, Z.L., Yang, X.Y., and Zhang X.L., 2012, First record of Lower Triassic Undichna spp. fish swimming trace from Emei, Sichuan Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57, 1320-1324. DOI
61	Lu, Z.S. and Chen, B., 1998, Discovery of Late Triassic fish trails (Undichna) in Hengshan County, Shannxi, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 37, 76-85 (in Chinese with English abstract).
62	MacEachern, J.A., Pemberton, S.G., Gingras, M.K., and Bann, K.L., 2007, The Ichnofacies paradigm: a fiftyyear retrospective. In: Miller, W. III. (ed.), Trace Fossils: Concepts, Problems, Prospects, Elsevier, New York, 52-77.
63	Marshall, P., Trewin, N., and Hartley, A., 2002, Ichnofossils of the Psilonichnus Ichnofacies and their paleoecological and paleoenvironmental significance in the Scottish Middle Jurassic. Ichnos, 9, 95-108. DOI
64	Crimes, T.P., Legg, I., Marcos, A., and Arboleya, M., 1977, Late Precambrian-low Lower Cambrian trace fossils from Spain. In: Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C. (eds.), Trace Fossils 2. Geological Journal Special Issue, 9, 91-138.
65	D'Alessandro, A. and Bromley, R.G., 1987, Meniscate trace fossils and the Muensteria-Taenidium problem. Palaeontology, 30, 743-763.
66	MacEachern, J. A., Bann, K. L., Gingras, M.K., Zonneveld, J.P., Dashtgard, S.E., and Pemberton, S.G., 2012, The ichnofacies paradigm. In: Knaust, D. and Bromley, R.G. (eds.), Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments, Developments in Sedimentology, Vol. 64, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 103-138.
67	Magwood, J.P.A., 1992, Ichnotaxonomy: a burrow by any other name? In: Maples, C.G. and West, R.R. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Short Courses in Paleontology Number 5, A Publication of the Paleontological Society, Universitiy of Tennessee, Knoxville, 15-33.
68	Maillard, G., 1887, Considerations sur les fossiles decrits comme algues. Societe Paleontologique de la Suisse, Memoire, 14, 1-40.
69	Martinez, M.M., 2001, Running in the surf: hydrodynamics of the shore crab Grapsus tenuicrustatus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204, 3097-3112.
70	Martinez, M.M., Full, R.J., and Koehl, M.A.R., 1998, Underwater punting by an intertidal crab: a novel gait revealed by the kinematics of pedestrian locomotion in air versus water. Journal of Experimental Biology, 201, 2609-2623.
71	McCoy, F., 1850, On some genera and species of Silurian Radiate in the collection of the University of Cambridge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 2), 6, 270-290.
72	Metz, R., 1987, Sinusoidal trail formed by a Recent biting midge (Family Ceratopogonidae): trace fossil implications. Journal of Paleontology, 61, 312-314.
73	Ehrenberg, K., 1944, Eraganzende Bemerkungen zu den seinerzeit aus dem Miozan von Burgschleinitz beschriebenen Gangkernen und Bauten dekapoder Krebse. Palaontologische Zeitcshrift, 23, 354-359. DOI
74	De, C., 2005, Quaternary ichnofacies model for paleoenvironmental and paleosealevel interpretations: a study from the Banas River Basin, wetern India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 25, 233-249. DOI
75	Droser, M., 1991, Ichnofabric of the Paleozoic Skolithos ichnofacies and the nature and distribution of Skolithos piperock. Palaios, 6, 316-325. DOI
76	Eagar, R.M.C., Baines, J.G., Collinson, J.D., Hardy, P.G., Okolo, S.A., and Pollard, J.E., 1985, Trace fossil assemblages and their occurrence in Silesian (Mid-Carboniferous) deltaic sediments of the Central Pennine Basin, England. In: Curran, H.A. (ed.), Biogenic structures: their use in interpreting depositional environments, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 35, 99-149.
77	Ekdale, A.A., 1977, Abyssal trace fossils in worldwide deep sea drilling project cores. In: Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C. (eds.), Trace fossils 2. Geological Journal Special Issue, 9, 163-182.
78	Ekdale, A.A., 1992, Muckraking and mudslinging: the joys of deposit feeding. In: Maples, C. G. and West, P.R. (eds.), Trace Fossils, Paleontological Society, Short Course 5, 145-171.
79	Miller, S.A. and Dyer, C.B., 1878, Contributions to paleontology, 2. Private publication, Cincinnati, p. 1-11.
80	Miller, S. A., 1889, North American geology and palaeontology for the use of amateurs, students and scientists. Western Methodist Book Concern, Cincinnati (Ohio). 664 p. [First appendix (1892) p. 665-718; second appendix (1897) p. 719-793.]
81	Minter, N.J. and Braddy, S.J., 2006, The fish and amphibian swimming traces Undichna and Lunichnium, with examples from the Lower Permian of New Mexico, USA. Palaeontology, 49, 1123-1142.
82	Moussa, M.T., 1969, Nematode fossil tracks of Eocene age from Utah. Nematologica, 15, 376-380. DOI
83	Moussa, M.T., 1970, Nematode fossil trails from the Green River Formation (Eocene) in the Uinta Basin, Utah. Journal of Paleontology, 44, 304-307.
84	Myint, M., 2008, The Psilonichnus ichnofacies: An example from the Iwaki Formation, Shiramizu Group, Joban coal field, Japan. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course Notes, 52, 335-342.
85	Narbonne, G.M., 1984, Trace fossils in Upper Silurian tidal flat to basin slope carbonates of Arctic Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 58, 398-415.
86	Narbonne, G.M. and Myrow, P., 1988, Trace fossil biostratigraphy in the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval. In: Landing, E., Narbonne, G.M. and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace fossils, small shelly fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary-proceedings. New York State Museum Bulletin, 463, 72-76.
87	Narbonne, G.M., Myrow, P., Landing, E., and Anderson, M.M., 1987, A candidate stratotype for the Precambrian- Cambrian boundary, Fortune Head, Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24, 1277-1293. DOI
88	Nesbitt, E.A. and Campbell, K.A., 2002, A new Psilonichnus ichnospecies attributed to mud-shrimp Upogebia in estuarine settings. Journal of Paleontology, 76, 892-901.
89	Fedonkin, M.A., 1988, Paleoichnology of the Precambrian-Cambrian transition in the Russian Platform and Siberia. In: Landing, E., Narbonne, G.M., and Myrow, P. (eds.), Trace fossils, small shelly fossils and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary-proceedings, New York State Museum Bulletin, 463, 12.
90	Fernandez, D.E. and Pazos, P.J., 2015, Ichnological research in Lower Cretaceous marginal-marine facies from Patagonia: outcrop studies, SEM examinations and paleontological/sedimentological integration. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen, 277, 177-188. DOI
91	Nesbitt, E.A. and Campbell, K.A., 2006, The paleoenvironmental significance of Psilonichnus. Palaios, 21, 187-196. DOI
92	Netto, R.G., 2007, Skolithos-dominated piperock in nonmarine environments: an example from the Triassic Caturrita Formation, southern Brazil. In: Bromley, R.G., Buatois, L.A., Mangano, M.G., Genise, J.F., and Melchor, R.N. (eds.), Sedimentorganism interactions: a multifaceted ichnology, SEPM Special Publication, 88, 107-122.
93	Netto, R.G. and Grangeiro, M.E., 2009, Neoichnology of the seaward side of Peixe Lagoon in Mostardas, southernmost Brazil: the Psilonichnus ichnocoenosis revisited. Rev. Brasileira de Paleontology, 12, 211-224. DOI
94	Nicholson, H.A., 1873, Contributions to the study of the errant annelides of the older Palaeozoic rocks. Royal Society of London Proceedings, 21: 288-290. [=Geological Magazine, 10, p. 209-210.] [abstract]
95	Nicholson, H.A. and Hinde, G.J., 1874, Notes on the fossils of the Clinton, Niagara and Guelph formations of Ontario, with descriptions of new species. Canadian Journal of Science, Literature and History, new series, 14, 137-152. *137-144. [Mistaken in pagination, p. 153-160 misnumbered as 137-144]
96	Park, K.H., Cho, D.L., and Kim, J.C., 2000, Geological report of Moseoulpo-Hanlim Sheet. Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials, Daejeon, Korea, 18 p.
97	Pemberton, S.G. and Frey, R.W., 1982, Trace fossil nomenclature and the Planolites-Palaeophycus dilemma. Journal of Paleontology, 56, 843-881.
98	Fliri, F., Hilscher, H., and Markgraf, V., 1971, Weitere untersuchungen zur Choronologie der Alpinen Vereisung (Banderton von Baumkirchen, Inntal, Nordtirol). Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 7, 5-24.
99	Fillion, D. and Pickerill, R.K., 1990, Ichnology of the Upper Cambrian? to Lower Ordovician Bell Island and Wabana groups of eastern Newfoundland, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana, 7, 1-119.
100	Fliri, F., Bortenschlager, S., Felber, H., Heissel, W., Hilscher, H., and Resch, W., 1970, Der Banderton von Baumkirchen (Inntal, Tirol): eine neue Schlusseletelle zur Kenntnis der Wurm-vereisung der Alpen. Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 6, 5-35.
101	Fordyce, R.E., 1980, Trace fossils from Ohika Formation (Pororari Group, Lower Cretaceous), Lower Buller Gorege, Buller, New Zealand. New Zealand Jounal of Geology and Geophysics, 23, 121-124. DOI
102	Frey, R.W. and Pemberton, S.G., 1984, Trace fossil facies models. In: Walker, R. C. (ed.), Facies Models. Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 1, 189-207.
103	Pemberton, S.G., MacEachern, J.A., and Ranger, M.J., 1992c, Ichnology and event stratigraphy: the use of trace fossils in recognizing tempestites. In: Pemberton, S. G. (ed.), Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration, SEPM Core Workshop, 17, 85-117.
104	Pemberton, S.G. and Frey, R.W., 1984, Ichnology of storminfluenced shallow marine sequence: Cardium Formation (Upper Cretaceous) at Seebe, Alberta. In: Stott, D. F. and Glass, D. J. (eds.), The Mesozoic of Middle North America, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir, 9, 281-304.
105	Pemberton, S.G., Frey, R.W., Ranger, M., and MacEachern, J.A., 1992a, The conceptual framework of ichnology. In: Pemberton, S.G. (ed.), Applications of Ichnology to Petroleum Exploration, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Minerarologists, Core Workshop, 17, 1-32.
106	Pemberton, S.G., MacEachern, J.A., and Frey, R.W., 1992b, Trace fossil facies models: environmental and allostratigraphic significance. In: Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (eds.), Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change, Geological Association of Canada, St. John's Newfoundland, 47-72.
107	Pickerill, R.K., 1981, Trace fossils in a Lower Palaeozoic submarine canyon sequence- the Siegas Formation of northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, 17, 37-58.
108	Pickerill, R.K., Han, Y., and Jiyang, D., 1998, Taxonomic revision of the ichnogenus Helminthopsis Heer 1877 with a statistical analysis of selected ichnospecies-a reply. Ichnos, 5, 313-316. DOI
109	Rajkonwar, C., Tiwari, R.P., Zochhuanaralte, V., and Patel, S., 2014. Additional ichnofossils from Middle Bhuban Unit, Bhuban Formation, Surma Group (Lower to Middle Miocene), Mizoram and their environmental significance. Spcial publication of the Palaeontological Society of India, 5, 257-271.
110	Frey, R.W. and Pemberton, S.G., 1987, The Psilonichnus ichnocoenose and its relationship to adjacent marine and nonmarine ichnocoenoses along the Georgia coast. Bulletin of the Canadian Petroleum Geologist, 35, 333-357.
111	Frey, R.W., Curran, H.A., and Pemberton, S.G., 1984, Trace making activities of crabs and their environmental significance: the ichnogenus Psilonichnus. Journal of Paleontology, 58, 333-350.
112	Fursich, F.T., 1974, Corallian (Upper Jurassic) trace fossils from England and Normandy. Stuttgarter Beitrge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie and Palaontologie), 13, 1-51.
113	Fursich, F.T., 1981, Invertebrate trace fossils from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal. Communicoes Servicos Geolgocigos de Protugal, 67, 53-168.
114	Salter, J.W., 1857, On annelide-burrows and surfacemarkings from the Cambrian rocks of the Longmynd. No. 2. Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal, 13, 199-206.
115	Richter, R., 1924, Flachseebeobachtungen zur Palaontologie und Geologie 7-11. Senckenbergiana, 6, 119-165.
116	Rieth, A., 1932, Neue Funde spongeliomorpher Fucoiden aus dem Jura Schwabens. Geologie und Palaontologieshe Abhandlungen, N. F., Jene, 19, 257-294.
117	Richter, R., 1937, Marken und Spuren ans alien Zeiten. 1-II: Senckenbergiana, 19, 150-169.
118	Saporta, L.C.J.G. de, 1872-1873, Paleontologie fancaise ou description des fossiles de la France (commencee par Alcide d'Orbigny et) continuee par une reunion de paleontologistes sous la direction d'un comite special. Serie 2. Vegetaux. Plantes jurassiques, 1-10, 506 p. G. Masson, Paris. [1872=p. 1-432, pls. 1-60; 1873=p. 433-506, pls. 61-70.]
119	Seilacher, A., 1955, 4. Spuren und Lebensweise der Trilobiten. In: Schindewolf, O.H. and Seilacher, A. (eds.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Kambriums in der Salt Range (Pakistan). Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur zu Mainz, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abhandlungen, 10, 342-372.
120	Seilacher, A., 1964, Biogenic sedimentary structures. In: Inbire, J. and Newell, N. (eds.), Approaches to Paleoecology, Wiley, New York, 296-316.
121	Seilacher, A., 1967, Bathymetry of trace fossils. Marine Geology, 5, 413-428. DOI
122	Seilacher, A. and Seilacher, E., 1994, Bivalvian trace fossils: a lesson from actuopaleontology. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 169, 5-15.
123	Tiwari, R., Rajkonwar, C., LalchawimawII, Malsawma, P.L.J., Ralte, V.Z., and Patel, S.J., 2011, Trace fossils from Bhuban Formation, Surma Group (Lower to Middle Miocene) of Mizoram India and their palaeoenvironmental significance. Journal of Earth System Science, 120, 1127-1143. DOI
124	Sharafi, M., Mahboubi, A.A., and Moussavi-Harami, R., 2012, Stratigraphic application of Thalassinoides ichnofabric in delineating sequence stratigraphic surfaces (Mid-Cretaceous), Kopet-Dagh Basin, rotheastern Iran. Palaeoworld, 21, 202-216. DOI
125	Sheehan, P.M. and Schiefelbein, D.R.J., 1984, The trace fossil Thalassinoides from the Upper Ordovician of the eastern Great Basin: deep burrowing in the Early Paleozoic. Journal of Paleontolgy, 58, 440-447.
126	Simon, T., Hagdorn, H., Hagdorn, M.K. and Seilacher, A., 2003, Swimming trace of a coelacanth fish from the Lower Keuper of south-west Germany. Palaeontology, 46, 911-926. DOI
127	Todesco, R. and Avanzini, M., 2008, First record of the fish trace fossil Undichna from the Middle Triassic of Italy. Studi Trentino Scienze Naturali Acta Geology, 83, 253-257.