Browse > Article

A Watermarking for Text Document Images using Edge Direction Histograms  

김영원 (전북대학교 컴퓨터정보학과)
오일석 (전북대학교 전자정보공학부)
Publication Information
Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications / v.31, no.2, 2004 , pp. 203-212 More about this Journal
Abstract
The watermarking is a method to achieve the copyright protection of multimedia contents. Among several media, the left documents show very peculiar properties: block/line/word patterning, clear separation between foreground and background areas. So algorithms specific to the text documents are required that meet those properties. This paper proposes a novel watermarking algorithm for the grayscale text document images. The algorithm inserts the watermark signals through the edge direction histograms. A concept of sub-image consistency is developed that the sub-images have similar shapes in terms of edge direction histograms. Using Korean, Chinese, and English document images, the concept is evaluated and proven to be valid over a wide range of document images. To insert watermark signals, the edge direction histogram is modified slightly. The experiments were performed on various document images and the algorithm was evaluated in terms of imperceptibility and robustness.
Keywords
text watermarking; copyright protection; document Image; edge direction histogram; sub-image consistency; imperceptibility; robustness;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 IEEE Computers, Special Issue on e-goverment, Vol.34, No.2, February 2001
2 B.N. Schility, M.N. Price, G. Golovchinsky, and C.C. Marshall, 'As we may read: the reading appliance revolution,' IEEE Computers, Vol.32, No.1, pp.65-73, January 1999   DOI   ScienceOn
3 CACM, Special Issue on Digital Libraries, Vol.38, No.4, April 1995
4 Y. Liu, J. Mant, E. Wong, and S.H. Low, 'Making and detection of text documents using transform-domain techniques,' Proceedings of SPIE, Vol.3657, pp.317-328, 1999   DOI
5 Ding Huang and Hong Yan, 'Interword distance changes represented by sine waves for watermarking text images,' IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.11, No.12, pp.1237-1245, Dec 2001   DOI   ScienceOn
6 S. Low, N.F. Maxemchuk, and A. Lapone, 'Document identification for copyright protection using centroid detection,' IEEE Trans. Commun, Vol.46, No.3, pp.372-383, March 1998   DOI   ScienceOn
7 J.T. Brassil, S. Low, and N.F. Maxemchuk, 'Copyright protection for the electronic distribution of text documents,' Proceedings of IEEE, Vol.87, No.7, pp.1181-1196, July 1999   DOI   ScienceOn
8 S. Low and N.F. Maxemchuk, 'Performance comparison of two text marking methods,' IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun, Vol.16, No.4, pp.561-572, May 1998   DOI   ScienceOn
9 J.T. Brassil, S. Low, N.F. Maxemchuk, and L. O'Gorman, 'Marking text features of document images to deter illicit dissemination,' Proceedings of 12th IAPR, Vol.2, pp.315-319, 1994   DOI
10 J.T. Brassil, S. Low, N.F. Maxemchuk, and L. O'Gorman, 'Electronic marking and identification techniques to dicourage document copying,' IEEE INFOCOM '94, Vol.3, pp.1278-1287, 1994   DOI
11 J.T. Brassil, S. Low, N.F. Maxemchuk, and L. O'Gorman, 'Electronic marking and identification techniques to discurage document copying,' IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun, Vol.13, No.8, pp.1495-1504, Oct 1995   DOI   ScienceOn
12 오일석, 김수형, 유태웅, 곽희규, '문서 영상 처리 기술과 전자도서관', 정보과학회지, pp.24-34, 2002년 8월   과학기술학회마을
13 T. Amano and D. Misaki, 'A feature calibration method for watermarking of document images,' Proceedings of ICDAR, pp.91-94, 1999   DOI
14 김영원, 문경애, 오일석, '텍스트 문서 영상의 화소 수준 워터마킹 알고리즘', 제14회 영상처리 및 이해에 관한 워크샵, 제주 롯데 호텔, pp.31-36, 2002
15 A. Bhattacharjya and H. Ancin, 'Data embedding in text for a copier system,' Proceedings of the ICIP, Vol.2, pp.245-249, 1999   DOI
16 W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu, 'Techniques for data hiding,' IBM System Journal, Vol.35, pp.313-336, 1996   DOI
17 http://caelum.r.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/-nakagawa/academic-result.htm
18 I.J. Cox, M.L. Miller, and J.A. Bloom, Digital Watermarking, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002