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http://dx.doi.org/10.5668/JEHS.2016.42.4.235

Estimation of the Daily Human Intake of Acrylamide (AA) Based on Urinary N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and the Contribution of Dietary Habits in South Korean Adults  

LEE, Jin-Heon (Department of Environmental Education, College of Education, Kongju National University)
LEE, Kee-Jae (Department of Information and Statistics, College of Natural Science, Korea National Open University)
KANG, Hee-Sook (Department of Social Welfare, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kongju National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences / v.42, no.4, 2016 , pp. 235-245 More about this Journal
Abstract
Objectives: This study estimated the adult Korean daily intake of acrylamide (AA) and investigated its relationship with demographic, lifestyle and dietary habits by using urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA). Methods: Human data (n=1870) was collected in a nationwide cross-sectional biomonitoring program representing the population (18-69 years) residing in South Korea. Urinary AAMA was analyzed with a LC-MS/MS system. Daily intakes of AA were estimated using mass daily AAMA, which was calculated through urinary AAMA concentration and daily creatinine excretion. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS procedures for calculating geometric means, confidence intervals and the exponentiated beta coefficient of multiple linear regressions. Results: Daily intake of AA was estimated at $0.475{\mu}g/kg$ body weight (BW) per day (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.447-0.503). In the case of current smokers, AA intake was $0.957{\mu}g/kg$ BW per day (95% CI: 0.847-1.067), which was significantly higher than that of former smokers and never smoked (p<0.0001). The strong affecting factors were age (95% CI: 0.68-1.14; p=0.0180), education level (95% CI: 1.05-1.42; p=0.0163), body mass index (BMI) (95% CI: 1.00-1.82; p<0.0001), and smoking status (95% CI: 0.97-3.05; p<0.0001). Korean dietary habits increasing AA intake were coffee (p=0.0005), cup noodles (p=0.0010) and canned foods (p=0.0005). Meanwhile, foods decreasing AA intake were fresh fruit (p=0.0076), cooked beef (p=0.0335) and cooked pork (p=0.0147). Conclusion: The Korean daily intake of AA in adults was estimated to be similar with those found in developed countries. The factors increasing daily AA intake were coffee, cup noodles and canned foods, and decreasing factors were fresh fruit, cooked beef and cooked pork.
Keywords
Acrylamide (AA); daily intake; dietary habits; urinary N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine(AAMA);
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