Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.20909/kopast.2022.28.3.175

Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Migrated from Plastic Food Utensils, Containers, and Packaging Distributed in Korea  

Kyung Youn, Lee (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Hyung Soo, Kim (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Dae Yong, Jang (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea UniversityTransdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Ye Ji, Koo (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Seung Ha, Lee (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Hye Bin, Yeo (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Ji Su, Yoon (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Kyung-Min, Lim (College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University)
Jaeyun, Choi (Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health Systems, Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University)
Publication Information
KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / v.28, no.3, 2022 , pp. 175-182 More about this Journal
Abstract
Heavy metals can be intentionally or unintentionally introduced into plastic food utensils, containers, and packaging (PFUCP) as additives or contaminants, which can be ingested with food by humans. Here, seven-heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, antimony, copper, and manganese) with toxicity concerns were selected, and risk assessment was done by establishing their migration from 137 PFUCP products made of 16 materials distributed in Korea. Migration of heavy metals was examined by applying 4% acetic acid as a food simulant (70℃, 30 minutes) to the PFUCP products. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed for the analysis of migrated heavy metals, and the reliability of quantitative results was confirmed by checking linearity, LOD, LOQ, recovery, precision, and expanded uncertainty. As a result of monitoring, heavy metals were detected at a level of non-detection to 8.76 ± 11.87 ㎍/L and most of the heavy metals investigated were only detected at trace amounts of less than 1 ㎍/L on average. However, antimony migrated from PET products was significantly higher than other groups. Risk assessment revealed that all the heavy metals investigated were safe with a margin of exposure above 311. Collectively, we demonstrated that heavy metals migrated from PFUCP products distributed in Korea appear to be within the safe range.
Keywords
Heavy metal; Plastic food contact materials; Migration; Food simulant; Risk assessment;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 이봉진, 2019, 공업화학 전망, 제22권 제1호, pp.38~45
2 Murphy, J. 2001. Additives for Plastics Handbook, Second edition. Elsevier, A, Netherlands,
3 Hahladakis, J.N. 2018. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. Journal of hazardous materials, 344: 179-199.   DOI
4 Umar, A.I. Sarkingobir, Y. and Dikko, M. 2022. Spectroanalytical Research of Selected Heavy Metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in Four Different Single-use Plastics Commonly in Contact with Food from Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal Teknokes, 15(2): 76-80.   DOI
5 서영관. 1995. 플라스틱 착색제. 고분자 과학과 기술, 6(2), pp.137-144.
6 Kiyataka, P.H.M., Dantas, S.T. and Pallone, J.A.L. 2015. Method for analysis and study of migration of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic from polypropylene packaging into ice cream and simulant. Food analytical methods, 8(9): 2331-2338.   DOI
7 Kim, K.C., Park, Y.B., Lee, M.J., Kim, J.B., Huh, J.W., Kim, D.H., Lee, J.B. and Kim, J.C. 2008. Levels of heavy metals in candy packages and candies likely to be consumed by small children. Food Res Int, 41(4): 411-418.   DOI
8 Filella, M., Hennebert, P., Okkenhaug, G. and Turner, A. 2020. Occurrence and fate of antimony in plastics. Journal of hazardous materials, 390: 121764.
9 Khan, S. and Khan, A.R. 2015. Contamination of toxic heavy metal in locally made plastic food packaging containers. Global J Sci Front Res B Chem, 15(1): 19-24.
10 Lahimer, M.C., Ayed, N., Horriche, J. and Belgaied, S. 2017. Characterization of plastic packaging additives: food contact, stability and toxicity. Arabian journal of chemistry, 10: S1938-S1954.   DOI
11 Zamindar, N., Anari, E.S., Bathaei, S.S., Shirani, N., Tabatabaei, L., Mahdavi-Asl, N., Khalili, A. and Paidari, S. 2020. Application of copper nano particles in antimicrobial packaging: a mini review. Acta Sci. Nutr. Health, 4(5): 14-18.
12 식품의약품안전처 (MFDS). 2021. 식품용 기구 및 용기.포장의 기준 및 규격. https://www.mfds.go.kr/eng/brd/m_15/view.do?seq=72435andsrchFr=andsrchTo=andsrchWord=andsrchTp=anditm_seq_1=0anditm_seq_2=0andmulti_itm_seq=0andcompany_cd=andcompany_nm=andpage=1.
13 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2019. Agents Classifed by the IARC Monographs 1-123.
14 Williams, M., Todd, G.D., Roney, N., Crawford, J., Coles, C., McClure, P.R., Garey, J.D., Zaccaria, K., Citra, M., ATSDR and SRC Inc. 2013. Toxicological profile for manganese.
15 Sharma, N., Bakshi, A., Sharma, A., Kaur, I. and Nagpal, A.K. 2021, November. Health Risk Associated with Copper Intake through Vegetables in Different Countries. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 889(1): 012071.
16 Kim, M.S., Kim, W.I., Shin, S.K., Kang, Y.Y., Cho, Y.A., Jeong, S.K., Jin, N., Yeon, J.M. and Lee, J.Y. 2013. Heavy metal exposure assessment of recycled plastic buckets. Analytical Science and Technology, 26(1): 67-72.   DOI
17 Kiyataka, P.H.M., Dantas, S.T. and Pallone, J.A.L. 2014. Method for assessing lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic in high-density polyethylene packaging and study of the migration into yoghurt and simulant. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A, 31(1): 156-163.   DOI
18 Bratinova, S., Raffael, B. and Simoneau, C. 2009. Guidelines for performance criteria and validation procedures of analytical methods used in controls of food contact materials. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR, 24105.
19 International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 1995. Guide to the Expression of uncertainty in measurement. Geneva, Switzerland
20 이행신. 2017. 식품용 기구 및 용기.포장 이행물질 안전성평가 모델 연구. 한국보건산업진흥원. 식품의약품안전처 연구개발과제 보고서.
21 식품의약품안전처, 2019, 식품 중 유해오염물질 위해평가 실무표준 매뉴얼.
22 식품의약품안전처, 2019, 인체적용제품 위해성평가 공통지침서.
23 Ahn, K.H., Park, J.H., Kim H.K., Lee, Y.H., and Kwon, O.S. 2012. Characteristics of Antimony Contamination from PET of Bottled Tap Water. J. of the Korean Society for Environmental Analysis. 15(3): 163-170.
24 식품의약품안전처, 2022, 국내 인체노출 안전기준.
25 구용의, 2016, 유해물질의 인체노출안전기준 설정을 위한 용량반응 평가 연구, 식품의약품안전처 연구개발과제 보고서.
26 Mazinanian, N., Herting, G., Wallinder, I.O. and Hedberg, Y. 2016. Metal release and corrosion resistance of different stainless steel grades in simulated food contact. Corrosion, 72(6): 775-790.   DOI
27 Hedberg, Y.S. and Odnevall Wallinder, I. 2016. Metal release from stainless steel in biological environments: A review. Biointerphases, 11(1): 018901.
28 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1995, Manganese.
29 Jecfa/WHO, 1982, Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants