Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2018.51.4.268

Spatiotemporal and Longitudinal Variability of Hydro-meteorology, Basic Water Quality and Dominant Algal Assemblages in the Eight Weir Pools of Regulated River(Nakdong)  

Shin, Jae-Ki (Office for Busan Region Management of the Nakdong River, Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water))
Park, Yongeun (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University)
Publication Information
Abstract
The eutrophication and algal blooms by harmful cyanobacteria (CyanoHAs) and freshwater redtide (FRT) that severely experiencing in typical regulated weir system of the Nakdong River are one of the most rapidly expanding water quality problems in Korea and worldwide. To compare with the factors of rainfall, hydrology, and dominant algae, this study explored spatiotemporal variability of the major water environmental factors by weekly intervals in eight weir pools of the Nakdong River from January 2013 to July 2017. There was a distinct difference in rainfall distribution between upstream and downstream regions. Outflow discharge using small-scale hydropower generation, overflow and fish-ways accounted for 37.4%, 60.1% and 2.5%, respectively. Excluding the flood season, the outflow was mainly due to the hydropower release through year-round. These have been associated with the drawdown of water level, water exchange rate, and the significant impact on change of dominant algae. The mean concentration (maximum value) of chlorophyll-a was $17.6mg\;m^{-3}$ ($98.2mg\;m^{-3}$) in the SAJ~GAJ and $29.6mg\;m^{-3}$ ($193.6mg\;m^{-3}$) in the DAS~HAA weir pools reaches, respectively. It has increased significantly in the downstream part where the influence of treated wastewater effluents (TWEs) is high. Indeed, very high values (>50 or $>100mg\;m^{-3}$) of chlorophyll-a concentration were observed at low flow rates and water levels. Algal assemblages that caused the blooms of CyanoHAs and FRT were the cyanobacteria Microcystis and the diatom Stephanodiscus populations, respectively. In conclusion, appropriate hydrological management practices in terms of each weir pool may need to be developed.
Keywords
algal assemblage; eutrophication; freshwater red-tide; harmful cyanobacteria; hydrology; Nakdong River; weir pool;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Shin, J.K., B.G. Kang and S.J. Hwang. 2016. Water-blooms (Green-tide) dynamics of algae alert system and rainfallhydrological effects in Daecheong Reservoir, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 49: 153-175. (in Korean)   DOI
2 Shin, J.K., G. Jeon, Y. Kim, M.K. Kim, N.Y. Kim and S.J. Hwang. 2017. Recruitment potential of cyanobacterial harmful algae (genus Aphanizomenon) in the winter season in Boryeong Reservoir, Korea: link to water-level drawdown. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 50: 337-354. (in Korean)   DOI
3 Shin, J.K., O.H. Lee and K.J. Cho. 2003. Application of algal growth potential test (AGPT) on the water quality of Chinyang Reservoir and the Nam River. Korean Journal of Limnology 36: 57-65. (in Korean)
4 Shin, S.K., C.K. Park and S.W. Lee. 1996. The relationship between chlorophyll-a and BOD in the Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 12: 369-375. (in Korean)
5 Shin, S.K., K.H. Baek and M.K. Song. 2002. The evaluation for maximum chl.a site observed in the mid to lower Nakdong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 35: 21-27. (in Korean)
6 Niamien-Ebrottie, J.E., S. Bhattacharyya, P.R. Deep and B. Nayak. 2015. Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in the World: review. International Journal of Applied Research 1: 563-569.
7 Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water). 2007. A Study on the Development Mechanisms and Reduction Technology of Water-Bloom in the River-Reservoir System. Interim Report No. KIWE-WERC-2007-03. K-water Research Institute. Daejeon, Korea. 101p. (in Korean)
8 Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-water). 2015. Development of the Predictive Model and Analysis of Occurrence Characteristics for T&Os in Nakdong River. KIWEWRRC- 15-01, Final Report, K-water Research Institute. Daejeon, Korea. 80p. (in Korean)
9 Kown, Y.H., J.K. Seo, S.W. Park and S.Y. Yang. 2006. Evaluation of diatom growth potential in midstream and downstream Nakdong River. Algae 21: 229-234. (in Korean)   DOI
10 Kwon, O.S. 1991. Effect of river barrage on the changes of environmental factors in Naktong estuary. Korean Journal of Limnology 24: 231-238. (in Korean)
11 Lee, I., K.L. Lee, T.H. Lim, J.J. Park and S. Cheon. 2013. Determination of geosmin and 2-MIB in Nakdong River using headspace solid phase microextraction and GC-MS. Analytical Science and Technology 26: 326-332. (in Korean)   DOI
12 Lee, J. and I. Kim. 2015. Water quality monitoring of Changnyeong- Hamahn Weir: with chlorophyll a and nutrients. Journal of the Korean Society of Urban Environment 15: 93-100. (in Korean)
13 Hong, D.G., D.K. Kim, H.W. Kim, Y. Do, H.Y. Lee and G.J. Joo. 2016. Limnological assessment of the meteo-hydrological and physicochemical factors for summer cyanobacterial blooms in a regulated river system. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 52: 123-136.   DOI
14 Nichols, S., R. Norris, W. Maher and M. Thoms. 2006. Ecological effects of serial impoundment on the Cotter River, Australia. Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-005-0995-6.   DOI
15 Noh, S., K.L. Lee, Y. Shin, J. Lee, M.A. Song, J. Lee, D. Rhew and J. Lee. 2017. Overwintering and succession of the phytoplankton in pilot culture system. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 50: 57-69. (in Korean)   DOI
16 Noh, S., Y. Shin, H. Choi, J. Lee, J. Lee and D. Rhew. 2015. Characteristics of algae occurrence on environmental changes. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 24: 278-286. (in Korean)   DOI
17 Hur, M., I. Lee, B.M. Tak, H.J. Lee, J.J. Yu, S.U. Cheon and B.S. Kim. 2013. Temporal shifts in cyanobacterial communities at different sites on the Nakdong River in Korea. Water Research 47: 6973-6982.   DOI
18 Hwang, D., H. Lee, J. Yoon, S. Heo, T. Im, Y. Kwon, C.K. Shin and H. Kim. 2007. Study on Ecological Characteristic of Algal Species Forming Bloom during Spring-Winter Season in the Nakdong River (II). Nakdong River Water Environment Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Research. Seoul, Korea. 144p. (in Korean)
19 Hwang, D.J., H.J. Lee, J.K. Seo, C.K. Shin, Y.S. Kim and Y.H. Kwon. 2006. Study on Ecological Characteristic of Algal Species Forming Bloom during Spring-Winter Season in the Nakdong River (I). Nakdong River Water Environment Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Research. Seoul, Korea. 102p. (in Korean)
20 Lee, J.A., K.J. Cho, O.S. Kwon and I.K. Chung. 1993. A study on the environmental factors in Naktong estuarine ecosystem. The Korean Journal of Phycology 8: 29-36.
21 Lee, J.A., K.J. Cho, O.S. Kwon, I.K. Chung and B.Y. Moon. 1994. Primary production of phytoplankton in Naktong estuarine ecosystem. Korean Journal of Limnology 27: 69-78.
22 Lee, J.H., J.N. Kwon and S.Y. Yang. 2002. Seasonal variation of phytoplankton community in the Naktong River. Algae 17: 267-273. (in Korean)   DOI
23 Paerl, H.W. 2014. Mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a human- and climatically-impacted world. Life 4: 988-1012.   DOI
24 Hwang, S.J., K. Kim, C. Park, W. Seo, B.G. Choi, H.S. Eum, M.H. Park, H.R. Noh, Y.B. Sim and J.K. Shin. 2016. Hydrometeorological effects on water quality variability in Paldang Reservoir, confluent area of the South-Han River- North-Han River-Gyeongan Stream, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 49: 354-374. (in Korean)   DOI
25 Hwang, S.J., Y.B. Sim, B.G. Choi, K. Kim, C. Park, W. Seo, M.H. Park, S.W. Lee and J.K. Shin. 2017. Rainfall and hydrological comparative analysis of water quality variability in Euiam Reservoir, the North-Han River, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 50: 29-45. (in Korean)   DOI
26 Nusch, E.A. 1980. Comparison of different methods for chlorophyll and phaeo-pigment determination. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie- Beiheft Ergebnisse der Limnologie 14: 14-36.
27 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). 2016. Harmful Algal Blooms and Hypoxia Comprehensive Research Plan and Action Strategy: An Interagency Report. National Science and Technology Council Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology, USA. 94p.
28 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 1982. Eutrophication of Waters. Monitoring, Assessment and Control. Paris, France. 154p.
29 Park, H.K., E.Y. Jung, H.J. Son and J.T. Choi. 2017. Reduction of blue-green algae and its by-products using intake of deep water in summer. Journal of Environmental Science International 26: 393-399. (in Korean)   DOI
30 Lee, S.H., B.R. Kim and H.W. Lee. 2014. A study on water quality after construction of the weirs in the middle area in Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 36: 258-264. (in Korean)   DOI
31 Lee, S.M. and I.K. Kim. 2017. Analysis of correlation between cyanobacterial population and water quality factors in the middle and down stream region of Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 31: 93-101. (in Korean)   DOI
32 Kim, B., D.S. Kim, G. Hwang, K. Choi, W.M. Heo and W.K. Park. 1996. Contribution of primary production of phytoplankton to organic pollution in a eutrophic river, the Naktong River. Algae 11: 231-237. (in Korean)
33 Kim, D.K., H.W. Kim, G.Y. Kim, Y.S. Kim, M.C. Kim, K.S. Jeong and G.J. Joo. 2005. Prolonged turbidity of the lower Nakdong River in 2003. Korean Journal of Limnology 38(S): 44-53.
34 Im, T., J.M. Ahn, I. Lee, J. Lee, S. Shin, J.S. Yoon, K.Y. Jung, K. Lee, J. Kim, K. Lee, H. Kim, S. Kim, C. Kwak and S. Cheon. 2014. A Study on Sediment Release Characteristics for River Sedimentation in the Nakdong River Basin. NIER-RP2014-264, Nakdong River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Goryeong, Korea. 37p. (in Korean)
35 Park, H.K., R.Y. Shin, H. Lee, K.L. Lee and S.U. Cheon. 2015. Spatio-temporal characteristics of cyanobacterial communities in the middle-downstream of Nakdong River and Lake Dukdong. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 31: 286-294. (in Korean)   DOI
36 Park, H.K., S.H. Joung, S.Y. Noh and H.J. Lee. 2011. Effect of Climate Change on Aquatic Ecosystem in Freshwater Lakes (II) -Focusing on the Harmful Algal Blooms-. NIER-RP- 2011-1405, Nakdong River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Goryeong, Gyeongbuk, Korea. 41p. (in Korean)
37 Park, J.S., K.R. Kim, C.B. Cho, M.S. Kang and B.J. Kim. 2016. Spatio-temporal characteristics of air and water temperature change in the middle reach of the Nakdong River. Journal of Environmental Policy 9: 233-253. (in Korean)
38 Jeon, S.I. and K.J. Cho. 2004. Primary productivity of phytoplankton in the shallow and hypertrophic River (Seonakdong River). Korean Journal of Limnology 37: 57-63.
39 Joung, S.H., H.K. Park, H.J. Lee and S.H. Lee. 2013. Effect of climate change for diatom bloom at winter and spring season in Mulgeum station of the Nakdong River, South Korea. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 29: 155-164. (in Korean)
40 Jun, K.S. and J.S. Kim. 2011. The four major rivers restoration project: impacts on river flows. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 15: 217-224.   DOI
41 Kim, M.K., B. Moon, T.K. Kim and K.D. Zoh. 2015a. A study on production and removal of microcystin, taste and odor compounds from algal bloom in the water treatment process. The Korean Journal of Public Health 52: 33-42. (in Korean)
42 Kim, H. and K. Kim. 2013. The influence on water quality by nutrient reduction scenario in mid-upper regions of Nakdong- River watershed. Journal of Daegu Gyeongbuk Development Institute 12: 87-97. (in Korean)
43 Kim, J.A., G.A. Kim, C.J. Yun, H.G. Park, E.Y. Jung, D.J. Cha, J.T. Choi and H.J. Son. 2013. A study on the correlation between odorous compounds, actinomycetes and algae in drinking water source of Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 35: 213-219. (in Korean)   DOI
44 Kim, J.W. and H.Y. Lee. 1991. A study on phytoplankton communities in the reservoir of Nakdong River estuary. Korean Journal of Limnology 24: 143-151.
45 Park, H.K., C.M. Chung, J.R. Bahk and Y.K. Hong. 1999. The relationship between phytoplankton productivity and water quality changes in downstream of Nakdong River. Journal of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society 8: 101-106. (in Korean)
46 Jung, H.Y. and K.J. Cho. 2003. SOD and inorganic nutrient fluxes from sediment in the downstream of the Nakdong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 36: 322-335. (in Korean)
47 Jung, S.Y. and I.K. Kim. 2017. Analysis of water quality factor and correlation between water quality and chl-a in middle and downstream weir section of Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 39: 89-96. (in Korean)   DOI
48 Kang, H., J.H. Jang, J.H. Ahn and I.J. Kim. 2011. Numerical estimations of Nakdong River flows through linking of watershed and river flow models. Journal of Korean Water Resources Association 44: 577-590. (in Korean)   DOI
49 Yu, J.J., H.J. Lee, K.L. Lee, I.J. Lee, G.Y. Jung and S.U. Cheon. 2014a. Effects of environmental factors on algal communities in the Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 30: 539-548. (in Korean)   DOI
50 Yu, J.J., H.J. Lee, K.L. Lee, H.S. Lyu, J.W. Whang, L.Y. Shin and S.U. Chen. 2014b. Relationship between distribution of the dominant phytoplankton species and water temperature in the Nakdong River, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 47: 247-257. (in Korean)   DOI
51 Yu, J.J., K.L. Lee, H.J. Lee, J.W. Hwang, H.S. Lyu, L.Y. Shin, A.R. Park and S.U. Chen. 2015. Relations of nutrient concentrations on the seasonality of algal community in the Nakdong River, Korea. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 31: 110-119. (in Korean)   DOI
52 Son, M.H., I.S. Zulfugarov, O.S. Kwon, B.Y. Moon, I.K. Chung, C.H. Lee and J.A. Lee. 2005. The study on the fluorescence characteristics of several freshwater bloom forming algal species and its application. Algae 20: 113-120. (in Korean)   DOI
53 Park, S.B. 2012. Algal blooms hit south Korean rivers: environmentalists blame dam project for outbreak. Nature (News and Comment) DOI 10.1038/nature.2012.11221.   DOI
54 Lim, B.J., B.C. Kim, K.I. Yoo and J.K. Ryu. 1997. Changes in zooplankton community during the blue-green algal bloom in the Nakdong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 30: 337-346. (in Korean)
55 Lim, J.S., Y.W. Kim, J.H. Lee, T.J. Park and I.G. Byun. 2015. Evaluation of correlation between chlorophyll-a and multiple parameters by multiple linear regression analysis. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 37: 253-261. (in Korean)   DOI
56 Shin, S.K., K.O. Song and C.K. Park. 2000. Evaluation of autochthonous BOD caused by production of algae at different spatial and temporal scales in the eutrophic Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 16: 365-375. (in Korean)
57 Son, H.J. 2013. Changes of dominant phytoplankton community in downstream of the Nakdong River: from 2002 to 2012. Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 35: 289-293. (in Korean)   DOI
58 Song, K.O., I.S. Seo, S.K. Shin, S.M. Lee and C.K. Park. 1995. Evaluation of algal growth limiting factor in the Nakdong River by MBOD method. Journal of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society 4: 469-479. (in Korean)
59 SPSS. 1998. SYSTAT$^{(R)}$ 8.0 Statistics. SPSS Inc., Chigaco, USA. 1086p.
60 Watanabe, M.F., K. Harada, W.W. Carmichael and H. Fujiki. 1996. Toxic Microcystis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, U.K. 262p.
61 Kim, M.S., Y.R. Chung, E.H. Suh and W.S. Song. 2002. Eutrophication of Nakdong River and statistical analysis of environmental factors. Algae 17: 105-115. (in Korean)   DOI
62 Kim, S. 2016. A multiple process univariate model for the prediction of chlorophyll-a concentration in river systems. Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 52: 137-150.   DOI
63 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). 2012. National List Book of Rivers, Korea, 2011. KGE 11-1611 492-000088-01. Seoul, Korea. 767p. (in Korean)
64 Min, J.H., S. Park, C. Shin, E.H. Na, H.J. Lee, I. Lee, H.K. Park, K. Kim, J. Choi, M.R. Kang, J. Jeon, H. Choi, K. Jung and L.J. Park. 2016. A 3-D Modeling Study of Surface Water Flow and Water Quality Variations- Focused on the Simulation of Cyanobacterial Dynamics in the Middle Reach of the Nakdong River, Korea (I). NIER-RP2016-315, Water Quality Assessment Division and Nakdong River Environment Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea. 41p. (in Korean)
65 Ministry of Environment and Korea Environment Institute (MOEKEI). 2009. Four major rivers restoration project of Republic of Korea. Korea Environmental Policy Bulletin 7: 1-11.
66 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). 2009. Master Plan of the Four Major Rivers Restoration. Office of National River Restoration, Seoul, the Republic of Korea. 400p. (in Korean)
67 Moon, S.G., J.M. Chung and C.M. Choi. 2001. The structure of phytoplankton community in the middle-lower part of the Naktong River. Journal of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society 10: 41-45. (in Korean)
68 Baek, K.H. 2013. Water quality measures during low flow rate of the lower Nakdong River. BDI Policy Focus 232: 1-12. (in Korean)
69 Ahn, J.M., I.J. Lee, K.Y. Jung, J. Kim, K. Lee, S. Cheon and S. Lyu. 2016. Characteristics of trend and pattern for water quality monitoring networks data using seasonal-kendall, SOM and RDA on the Mulgeum in Nakdong River. Journal of Environmental Science International 25: 361-372. (in Korean)   DOI
70 APHA.AWWA.WEF (APHA). 1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 18th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington DC., USA.
71 Cha, Y.J., M.P. Shim and S.K. Kim. 2011. The Four Major Rivers Restoration Project. Water in the Green Economy in Practice: Towards Rio+20, UN-Water International Conference, 3-5 October, 2011. Zaragozo, Spain. p. 1-10.
72 Cho, K.J. 1991. Spatial and temporal distribution of phytoplanktonic and periphytic diatom assemblages of the Naktong River estuary. The Korean Journal of Phycology 6: 47-53.
73 Cho, K.J. 1995. Fine structure of diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis and S. parvus from the Naktong River of Korea. The Korean Journal of Phycology 10: 69-76.
74 Cho, K.J. 1996. Fine morphology of some Cyclotella species from the freshwater zone of the Naktong River. Algae 11: 9-21.
75 Cho, K.J. 1999. Morphology and taxonomy on diatom genus Aulacoseira in the Naktong River. Algae 14: 143-153.
76 Yang, J., H. Lv, J. Yang, L. Liu, X. Yu and H. Chen. 2016. Decline in water level boosts cyanobacteria dominance in subtropical reservoirs. Science of the Total Environment 557-558: 445-452.   DOI
77 Na, E.H., L.J. Park, S. Park, J.H. Min, M. An and K. Kim. 2015a. A Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling Study on the Algal Dynamics in the Nakdong River, Korea (I). NIER-RP2015-268. National Institute of Environmental Research. Incheon, Korea. 25p. (in Korean)
78 Whiterod, N., C. Bice, S. Zukowski and S. Meredith. 2004. Cyanobacteria Mitigation in the Mildura Weir Pool: Weir Pool Dynamics and Management Recommendations. Technical Report 8/2004. Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, Lower Basin Laboratory, Mildura, Australia. 45p.
79 World Health Organization (WHO). 2011. Management of Cyanobacteria in Drinking-water Supplies: Information for Regulators and Water Suppliers. Technical Brief WHO/ FWC/WSH/15.03. 11p.
80 Yamamoto, Y. 2009. Effect of temperature on recruitment of cyanobacteria from the sediment and bloom formation in a shallow pond. Plankton Benthos Research 4: 95-103.   DOI
81 Yang, J.W., S.M. Lee and C.K. Park. 1990. Settling characteristics of phosphorus in Nakdong estuary barrage. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 23: 185-191. (in Korean)
82 Yang, S.Y., J.K. Seo, J.J. Lee, J.J. Yu, D.J. Hwang, J.M. Park, Y.S. Yoon, J.H. Jung, M.S. Kim, H.J. Lee, Y.H. Kwon, S.H. Park, J.N. Shin, S.T. Oh and J.K. Kim. 2003. Investigation on the Algal Bloom Characteristics and Control Method for Bloom Forming Algae in the Nakdong River (I). Nakdong River Water Environment Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Research. Seoul, Korea. 136p. (in Korean)
83 Yang, S.Y., J.K. Seo, J.J. Lee, M.S. Kim, H.J. Lee and Y.H. Kwon. 2004. Investigation on the Algal Bloom Characteristics and Control Method for Bloom Forming Algae in the Nakdong River (II). Nakdong River Water Environment Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Research. Seoul, Korea. 148p. (in Korean)
84 Wetzel, R.G. 2001. Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems. 3rd ed. Academic Press, California, USA. 1006p.
85 National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). 2016. Investigation and Assessment of Benthic Fluxes in the Sediments of Four Major Rivers: Focus on 14 Weirs. NIER-SP2016-285. National Institute of Environmental Research. Incheon, Korea. 102p. (in Korean)
86 Na, E.H., S. Park, J. Kim, S. Im and K. Kim. 2015b. A study on spatial and temporal patterns of water quality in the middle area of the Nakdong River, Korea. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 31: 723-731. (in Korean)   DOI
87 Nakdong River Watershed Management Commission (NRWMC). 2007. Study of Plankton Dynamics for the Improvement of Water Quality Modeling. Final Report of Environmental Basic Investigation Project, 2006. Changwon, Korea. 179p. (in Korean)
88 Nakdong River Watershed Management Commission (NRWMC). 2015. Freshwater Ecosystem Monitoring of Weir Section in Nakdong River. Final Report of Environmental Basic Investigation Project, 2015. Changwon, Korea. 379p. (in Korean)
89 Kim, S.R., C.B. Cho and H.D. Kim. 2015b. Daily variation of heat budget balance in the Gangjeong-Goryung Reservoir for summertime: concerning around the rate of heat storage. Journal of Environmental Science International 24: 721-729. (in Korean)   DOI
90 Kim, Y.J. 2004. Monthly variations of phytoplankton communities in the mid and lower parts of the Nakdong River. Algae 19: 329-337. (in Korean)   DOI
91 Kim, Y.W., J.H. Lee, T.J. Park and I.G. Byun. 2017. Variation of water environment and algae occurrence characteristics after weirs construction at Mulgeum site in downstream of the Nakdong River. Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 17: 383-392. (in Korean)
92 Cho, K.J. and J.K. Shin. 1998a. Dynamics of inorganic N.P nutrient and planktonic algae during summer and winter in downstream of the Naktong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 31: 67-75. (in Korean)
93 Cho, K.J. and J.K. Shin. 1995b. Persistent blooms of diatoms Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis and S. parvus in the Naktong River. The Korean Journal of Phycology 10: 91-96.
94 Cho, K.J. and J.K. Shin. 1996. Bioassay for N.P nutrient demand by freshwater algae cultivation of the Naktong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 29: 263-273. (in Korean)
95 Cho, K.J. and J.K. Shin. 1997. Dynamics of inorganic N.P nutrient from midstream to downstream of the Naktong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 30: 85-95. (in Korean)
96 Cho, K.J. and J.K. Shin. 1999. Population dynamics of diatom genus Aulacoseira in the Naktong River. Algae 14: 247-253.
97 Cho, K.J., I.K. Chung and J.A. Lee. 1993. Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community in the Naktong River estuary, Korea. The Korean Journal of Phycology 8: 15-28.
98 Cho, K.J., J.K. Shin, S.K. Kwak and O.H. Lee. 1998. Diatom genus Stephanodiscus as eutrophication indicator for water quality assessment. Korean Journal of Limnology 31: 204-210. (in Korean)
99 Choi, A.R., J.H. Park and J.H. Lee. 2002. Population dynamics and the toxin of Anabaena in the lower Naktong River. Algae 17: 95-104. (in Korean)   DOI
100 Choi, C.M., J.H. Kim, W.I. Kim, J.S. Lee, G.B. Jung, J.T. Lee and S.G. Moon. 2007. Phytoplankton flora and community structure in the lower Nakdong River. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture 26: 159-170. (in Korean)   DOI
101 Seo, J.K. and I.K. Chung. 1994. The phytoplankton community structure in the Nakdong River mouth. Korean Journal of Limnology 27: 227-250.
102 Cho, K.J. and J.K. Shin. 1995a. Distribution and variation of chlorophyll-a from midstream to downstream of the Naktong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 28: 421-426. (in Korean)
103 Park, S.B., S.K. Lee, K.H. Chang, K.S. Jeong and G.J. Joo. 2002. The impact of monsoon rainfall (Changma) on the changes of water quality in the lower Nakdong River (Mulgeum). Korean Journal of Limnology 35: 160-171. (in Korean)
104 Reynolds, C.S. and A.E. Walsby. 1975. Water-blooms. Biological Reviews 50: 437-481.
105 Ryu, H.S., H.K. Park, H.J. Lee, R.Y. Shin and S.U. Cheon. 2016. Occurrence and succession pattern of cyanobacteria in the upper region of the Nakdong River: factors influencing Aphanizomenon bloom. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 32: 52-59. (in Korean)   DOI
106 Schindler, D.W. 2012. The dilemma of controlling cultural eutrophication of lakes. Proceedings of The Royal Society B 279: 4322-4333.   DOI
107 Seo, J.K., J.J. Lee, S.Y. Yang and I.K. Chung. 2003. Effect of the sewage and wastewater plant effluent on the algal growth potential in the Nakdong River Basin. Algae 18: 157-167. (in Korean)   DOI
108 Shin, J.K. 1998. Eutrophication and Ecological Characteristics of Algal Population in the Freshwater Zone of the Naktong River, Korea. Ph.D. Science Thesis, the Graduate School of Inje University. Busan, Korea. 202p.
109 Shin, J.K. and K.J. Cho. 1999b. Water quality assessment by algal growth potential (AGP) in the Naktong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 32: 349-359. (in Korean)
110 Shin, J.K. and K.J. Cho. 1997. Distribution and population dynamics of Microcystis (cyanophyta) in the Naktong River. Algae 12: 283-290. (in Korean)
111 Shin, J.K. and S.J. Hwang. 2018. Spatio-temporal linkage of harmful cyanobacterial water-bloom and off-flavor material dynamics in multiple-serial dam reservoirs of the North- Han River, Korea. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 34, submitted. (in Korean)
112 Choi, H., Y. Shin, J. Lee, S. Kim, M. Byun, Y. Jin, H. Kong, K. You, S.Y. Noh, J. Lee, H. Park and D. Rhew. 2014. The Characteristics of Algal Blooms Mechanism to Environmental Changes (I). NIER-RP2014-293. National Institute of Environmental Research. Incheon, Korea. 34p. (in Korean)
113 Choi, H.G., K.Y. Han and J.H. Park. 2017a. Reproducibility evaluation of stratification using EFDC model in Nakdong River. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 37: 561-573. (in Korean)
114 Choi, H.G., K.Y. Han and S.Y. Choi. 2011. A stochastic analysis of the water quality with discharge variation in upper Nakdong River basin. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment 20: 833-843. (in Korean)
115 Choi, K.Y., T.H. Im, J.W. Lee and S.U. Cheon. 2012. Evaluation of water quality characteristics in the Nakdong River using statistical analysis. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 45: 1157-1168. (in Korean)   DOI
116 Choi, Y.C. and C.K. Park. 1986. Eutrophication in the downstream of Nakdong River. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society 19: 339-346. (in Korean)
117 Gwak, B.R. and I.K. Kim. 2015. The evaluation of water quality using a multivariate analysis in Changnyeong-Haman weir section. Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 29: 625-632. (in Korean)   DOI
118 Heo, W.M., B.C. Kim, G.S. Hwang, K.S. Choi and W.K. Park. 1995. The distributions of phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a concentration in the Nakdong River. Korean Journal of Limnology 28: 175-181. (in Korean)
119 Ha, K., E.A. Cho, H.W. Kim and G.J. Joo. 1999. Microcystis bloom formation in the lower Nakdong River, South Korea: importance of hydrodynamics and nutrient loading. Marine and Freshwater Research 50: 89-94.   DOI