Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2021.110.3.419

Analyzing the Occurrence Trend of Sediment-Related Disasters and Post-Disaster Recovery Cases in Mountain Regions in N orth Korea Based on a Literature Review and Satellite Image Observations  

Kim, Kidae (Department of Forestry and Environmental System, Kangwon National University)
Kang, Minjeng (Division of Research and Survey, Korean Association of Soil and Water Conservation)
Kim, Suk Woo (Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science / v.110, no.3, 2021 , pp. 419-430 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study investigated spatiotemporal trends of sediment-related disasters in North Korea from 1960 to 2019 and post-disaster recovery cases based on a literature review and satellite images. Results showed that occurrence status of sediment-related disasters was initially externally reported in 1995 (during the Kim Jongil era); their main triggering factor was heavy summer rainfall. Furthermore, forest degradation rate was positively correlated with population density (R2 = 0.4347, p = 0.02) and occurrence number of sediment-related disasters was relatively high on the west coast region, where both variables showed high values. This indicates that human activity was a major cause of forest degradation and thus, significantly affected sediment-related disasters in mountain regions. Finally, sediment- related disasters due to shallow landslides, debris flow, and slow-moving landslides were observed in undisturbed forest regions and human-impacted forest regions, including terraced fields, opencast mines, forest roads, and post-wildfire areas, via satellite image analysis. These disaster-hit areas remained mostly abandoned without any recovery works, whereas hillside erosion control work (e.g., treeplanting with terracing) or torrent erosion control work (e.g., check dam, debris flow guide bank) were implemented in certain areas. These findings can provide reference information to expand inter-Korean exchange and cooperation in forest rehabilitation and erosion control works of North Korea.
Keywords
North Korea; sediment-related disaster; forest degradation; erosion control work; spatiotemporal characteristics;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Lim, C.H., Choi, Y.Y., Kim, M.I., Jeon, S.W. and Lee, W.K. 2017. Impact of deforestation on agro-environmental variables in cropland, North Korea. Sustainability 9(8): 1354.   DOI
2 Maplecroft. 2012. Deforestation index 2012. http://maplecroft.com/about/news/deforestation.html (2021.04.30.).
3 Guzzetti, F., Mondini, A.C., Cardinali, M., Fiorucci, F., Santangleo, M. and Chag, K.T. 2012. Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem. Earth-Science Reviews 112(1-2): 42-66.   DOI
4 He, J., Ho, M.H. and Xu, J. 2015. Participatory selection of tree species for agroforestry on sloping land in North Korea. Mountain Research and Development 35(4): 318-327.   DOI
5 He, J. and Xu, J. 2017. Is there decentralization in North Korea? Evidence and lessons from the sloping land management program 2004-2014. Land Use Policy 61: 113-125.   DOI
6 Yi, J.M., Song, M.K. and Park, K.S. 2017. An analysis on North Korean forest-related articles in Kim Jong Un era (2012-2016) : focusing on forest restoration status and problems. The Korean Journal of Unification Affairs 29(2): 49-81.   DOI
7 Steffen, W., Crutzen, J.C. and Mcnell, J.R. 2007. The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature?. Ambio 36(8): 614-621.   DOI
8 Vanacker, V., Vanderschaeghe, M., Govers, G., Willems, E., Poesen, J., Deckers, J. and De Bievre, B. 2003. Linking hydrological, infinite slope stability and land-use change models through GIS for assessing the impact of deforestation on slope stability in high Andean watersheds. Geomorphology 52(3-4): 299-315.   DOI
9 Woo, C.S., Kwon, H.J., Lee, C.W. and Kim, K.H. 2014. Landslide hazard prediction map based on logistic regression model for applying in the whole country of South Korea. Journal of The Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 14(6): 117-123.   DOI
10 Jeon, S.K. and Beak, S.C. 2019. Comparison of prediction models for identification of areas at risk of landslides due to earthquake and rainfall. Journal of the Korean Geo-Environmental Society 20(6): 15-22.
11 Hong, I.P. 2003. North Korea's meteorological disasters and disaster countermeasures. Water and Future 36(6): 111-114.
12 Havenith, H.B., Torgoev, A., Braun, A., Schlogel, M. and Micu, M. 2016. A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors. Geoenvironmental Disasters 3: 6.   DOI
13 Bradshaw, C.J., Sodhi, N.S., Peh, K.S.H. and Brook, B.W. 2007. Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world. Global Change Biology 13(11): 2379-2395.   DOI
14 Bruschi, V.M., Bonachea, J., Remondo, J., Gomez-Arozamena, J., Rivas, V., Barbieri, M., Capocchi, S., Soldai, M. and Cendrero, A. 2013. Land management versus natural factors in land instability: some examples in northern Spain. Environmental Management 52(2): 398-416.   DOI
15 Kim, K.M. 2018. Comparison of forest changes in South and North Koreas after the Korean war and North Korea's forest restoration strategy after Kim Jong-un era. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Republic of Korea. pp. 27.
16 Myeong, S.J., Kim, J.Y., Lim, M.Y., Hwang, S.H., Son, K.H., Ahn, J.H., Kim, M.J., Kang, S.D., Joo, K.S., Sung, S.H., Rajbhandari, P., Kim, S.G., Kim, Y.I., Jung. S.T., Choi, H.I. and Thorson, S. 2013. A study on constructing a cooperative system for South Korea and North Koreas to counteract climate change on the Korea peninsula III. Korea Environment Institute. Sejong, Republic of Korea. pp. 508.
17 Chen, J.C. 2011. Variability of impact of earthquake on debrisflow triggering conditions: case study of Chen-Yu-Lan watershed, Taiwan. Environmental Earth Sciences 64(7): 1787-1794.   DOI
18 Chen, L., Guo, Z., Yin, K., Shrestha, D.P. and Jin, S. 2019. The influence of land use and land cover change on landslide susceptibility: a case study in Zhushan Town, Xuan'en County (Hubei, China). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19(10): 2207-2228.   DOI
19 Choi, H.A. 2018. Prospect and implementation strategy of the inter-Korean forest cooperation: a case study of international organization support project in DPRK. Unification Policy Studies 27(2): 1-20.   DOI
20 Choi, H.A. and Lim, C.H. 2021. Forest cooperation with North Korea based on analysis of the characteristics of North Korea's forest research. Review of North Korean Studies. pp. 88-111.
21 Jo, J.H., Koo, J.C. and Youn, Y.C. 2011. Economic feasilbility of REDD project for preventing deforestation in North Korea. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 100(4): 630-638.
22 Keefer, D.K. 1984. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 95(4): 406-421.   DOI
23 Lee, C.W., Woo, C.S., Kim, D.Y., Jeong, S.W., Koo, K.S. 2014. Correct understanding of landslides for national safety and land conservation. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Republic of Korea. pp. 71.
24 Lee, W.J., Sun, J.S., Jung, H.S., Park, S.C., Lee, D.K. and Oh, K.Y. 2018. Detection of surface changes by the 6th North Korea nuclear test using high-resolution satellite imagery. Korean Journal of Remote Sensing 34(6): 1479-1488.
25 Juang, C.S., Stanley, T.A. and Kirschbaum, D.B. 2019. Using citizen science to expand the global map of landslides: introducing the cooperative open online landslide repository (COOLR). PLOS ONE 14(7): e0218657.   DOI
26 Kang, K.T. Jang, H., Lee, J.S., Park, Y.H., Chu, J.M., Ham, S.H. and Jung. K.W. 2016. Data collection for natural disaster management in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and cooperation between the two Koreas(I). Korea Environment Institute. Sejong, Republic of Korea. pp. 152.
27 Kang, S. and Choi, W. 2014. Forest cover changes in North Korea since the 1980s. Regional Environmental Change 14(1): 347-354.   DOI
28 Keefer, D.K. 2002. Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes - a historical review. Surveys in Geophysics 23(6): 473-510.   DOI
29 Song, M.K., Park, M.S. and Youn, Y.C. 2012. Forest policy of Democratic People's Republic of Korea represented in RodongShinmun. Journal of Environmental Policy 11(3): 123-148.   DOI
30 Lehmann, P., von Ruette, J. and Or, D. 2019. Deforestation effects on rainfall-induced shallow landslides: Remote sensing and physically-based modelling. Water Resources Research 55(11): 9962-9976.   DOI
31 Shieh, C.L., Chen, Y.S., Tsai, Y.J. and Wi, J.H. 2009. Variability in rainfall threshold for debris flow after the ChiChi earthquake in central Taiwan, China. International Journal of Sediment Research 24(2): 177-188.   DOI
32 Park, K.S. and Park, S.Y. 2012. The rehabilitation of North Korea's devastated forest -with focus on the case of South Korea. North Korean Studies 8(1): 133-159.
33 Kumar, S.V. and Bhagavanulu, D.V.S. 2008. Effect of deforestation on landslides in Nilgiris district-a case study. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 36(1): 105-108.   DOI
34 Kwon, T.J., Jung, J.K., Kim, Y.H., Jeon, H.J., Jeon, M.K., Jung, H.C., Lee, J.C., Lim, S.K., Hong, S.Y., Jung, S.J., Park, Y.S., Lee, S.H., Kim, C.M. and No, D.K. 2002. A study on the status of agricultural infrastructure and its renovation in North Korea. Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs. Sejong. Republic of Korea. pp. 501.
35 Korea Meteorological Administration. 2021. List of domestic earthquakes. https://www.weather.go.kr/weather/earthquake_volcano/domesticlist.jsp (2021.04.30.).
36 Chung, J.W. and Rogers, J.D. 2014. Landslide susceptibility as a function of fluctuating groundwater levels and seismic loading. Journal of The Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 14(5): 115-121.   DOI
37 Beak, W.K., Jung, H.S. and Kim, T.S. 2020. Satellite radar observation of large surface collapses induced by the 2017 North Korea nuclear test. Scientific Reports 9(1): 5124.
38 Choi, I.H. and Woo, J.C. 2007. Developmental process of forest policy direction in Korea and present status of forest desolation in North Korea. Journal of Forest Science 23(1): 35-49.
39 Chun, K.W. 2011. New erosion control engineering. Hyangmunsa. Seoul, Republic of Korea. pp. 427.
40 De la Paix, M.J., Lanhai, L., Xi, C., Ahmed, S. and Varenyam, A. 2013. Soil degradation and altered flood risk as a consequence of deforestation. Land Degradation & Development 24(5): 478-485.   DOI
41 European Union. 2020. INFORM Risk. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Risk (2021.04.30.).
42 Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 2021. Democratic People's Republic of Korea voluntary national review on the implementation of the 2030 agenda. pp. 63.
43 Dong, Y., Ren, Z., Wang, Z., Yu, Q., Zhu, L., Yu, H. and Bao, G. 2020. Spatiotemporal patterns of fchanges in Korean peninsula using landsat images during 1990-2015: a comparative study of two neighboring countries. IEEE Access 8: 73623-73633.   DOI
44 Engler, R., Teplyakov, V. and Adams, J.M. 2014. An assessment of forest cover trends in South and North Korea, from 1980 to 2010. Environmental Management 53(1): 194-201.   DOI
45 Lee, M.B. and Jin, S.U. 2008. A study on characteristics of the spatial distribution of the cropland and forest by the cultivation expansion in North Korea. Journal of The Korean Geomorphological Association 15(4): 29-37.
46 Hong, T.K., Lee, J.H., Park, S.J., Yoon, H.H., Kim, W.H. and Shin, J.S. 2019. Seismic detection of strong ground motions by MW5.6 North Korean nuclear explosion. Scientific Report 9(1): 5124.   DOI
47 Kim, E.H., Yang, A.R., Lim, J.B., Kim, K.M., Oh, S.U., Park, S.H. and Kim, M.K. 2021. A study on integrated forest management plan for the realization of the Korean Peninsula. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Republic of Korea. pp. 124.
48 Ahn, S.J., Lim, S.J., Hong, J.Y. and Kim, D.Y. 2010. Research of erosion control technique and Erosion control works propulsion performance in North Korea. Journal of Korea Society of Forest Engineering and Technology 8(1): 71-82.
49 Anderson, M.G. and Burt, T.P. 1990. Process studies in hillslope hydrology: an overview. pp. 1-8. In: M.G. Anderson and T.P. Brut, ed. Process studies in hillslope hydrology. John Wiley & Sones Ltd. Chichester, U.K.
50 Stanture, J.A., Palik, B.J., Williams, M.I., Dumroese, R.K. and Madsen, Palle. 2014. Forest Restoration Paradigms. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 33: S161-S194.   DOI
51 Oh, S.U. and Kim, E.H. 2020. An analysis of cooperation in forest and environment in the German unification process - focusing on East Germany(Germany) policy documents. North Korean Studies Review 24(1): 239-261.   DOI
52 Lim, C.H., Song, C.H., Choi, Y.Y., Jeon, W.S. and Lee, W.K. 2019. Decoupling of forest water supply and agricultural water demand attributable to deforestation in North Korea. Journal of Environmental Management 248(15): 109256.
53 Lim, J.H. 2011. Social control and forest devastation in North Korea. Discourse and Policy in Social Science 4(1): 77-102.
54 Ministry of Unification. 2021. North Korea information portal. https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/overview/nkOverview.do (2021.04.30.).
55 Myeong, S.J., Hong, H.J., Choi, H.I. and Jung, J.C. 2008. Estimation of flood vulnerable areas im North Korea and collaboration strategies between South Korea and North Korea. Korea Environment Institute. Sejong, Republic of Korea. pp. 185.
56 North Korean Economy Watch. 2016. Deforestation in North Korea continues, new data shows. http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2016/03/24/deforestation-in-north-korea-continues-new-data-shows/ (2016.03.24.).
57 Oh, S.U., Kim, E.H., Kim, K.M. and Kim, M.K. 2020. A study on the application of successful forest greening experience for forest and landscape restoration: a comparative study of two Koreas. Sustainability 12(2): 8712.   DOI
58 Park, Y.K., Lee, S.H., Yoo, I.D., Son, Y.H., Kim, Y.S., Shin, J.H. and Kim, D.K. 2015. Ecological conservation and restoration of forest in Korean peninsula. The Korean Academy of Science and Technology. Seongnam, Republic of Korea. pp. 74.
59 Porter, T.P., Owens, P.R., Lee, B.D. and Marshall, D. 2008. Soil and landform characteristics related to landslide activity-a review. Soil Horizons 49(1): 22-26.   DOI
60 Petley, D.N. 2010. On the impact of climate change and population growth on the occurrence of fatal landslides in South, East and SE Asia. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 43(4): 487-496.   DOI
61 Reichenbach, P., Mondini, A.C. and Rossi, M. 2014. The influence of land use change on landslide susceptibility zonation: the Briga catchment test site (Messina, Italy). Environmental Management 54(6): 1372-1384.   DOI
62 Seo, J.I., Chun, K.W., Kim, S.W. and Kim, M.S. 2010. Rainfall pattern regulating surface erosion its effect on variation in sediment yield in post-wildfire area. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 99(4): 534-545.
63 Sidle, R.C. and Ochiai, H. 2006. Landslides: processes, prediction, and land use. American Geophysical Union. Washington, U.S.A. pp. 312.
64 Lee, D.H., Jeong, Y.J., Kang, M.H. and Kim, S.I. 2015. Characteristics of South Korean newspaper reports on deforestation in North Korea and their policy implications. Journal of Environmental Policy and Administration 23(2): 119-152.   DOI
65 Knighton, A.D. 1998. Fluvial forms and processes: a new prespective. 1st ed. Arnlod, London, U.K. pp. 393.
66 Kim, J.C. 2014. A review of slope land degradation in North Korea and strengthening the ability of soil erosion control. International workshop on restoration of degraded forests and sustainable forest management. Shenyang, China.
67 Kim, K.D., Kang, M.J., Kim, D.Y., Lee, C.W., Woo, C.S. and Seo, J.P. 2019. Research trends on soil erosion control engineering in North Korea. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 108(4): 496-483.
68 Kim, K.M., Lim, J.B., Kim, E.H., Yang, A.R., Kim, S.l., Park, J.W. and Park, J.W. 2020. Development of a method of constructing North Korean forest information using satellite imagery and AI. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Republic of Korea. pp. 175.
69 Korkanc, S.Y. 2018. Effects of the land use/cover on the surface runoff and soil loss in the Nigde-Akkaya Dam Watershed, Turkey. CATENA 163: 233-243.   DOI
70 Lee, B.R., Chun, E.S., Kim, T.W. and Kwon, H.H. 2013. Comparison of precipitation characteristics using rainfall indicators between North and South Korea. Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers 33(6): 2223-2235.   DOI
71 Guzha, A.C., Rufino, M.C., Okoth, S., Jacobs, S. and Nobregae, R.L.B. 2018. Impacts of land use and land cover change on surface runoff, discharge and low flows: Evidence from East Africa. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 15: 49-67.   DOI
72 Fan, X., Scaringi, G., Korup, O., Wset A.J., Wseten, C.J.V., Tanyas, H., Hovius, N., Hales, T.C., Jibson, R.W., Allstadt, K.E., Zhangm L., Evans, S.G., Xu, C., Li, G., Pei, X., Xu, Q., Huang, R. 2019. Earthquake-induced chains of geologic hazards: ratterns, mechanisms, and impacts. Reviews of Geophysics 57(2): 421-503.   DOI
73 Glade, T. 2003. Landslide occurrence as a response to land use change: a review of evidence from New Zealand. Catena 51(3-4): 297-314.   DOI
74 Guo, X., Cui, R., Li, Y., Fan, J., Yan, Y. and Ge, Y. 2016. Temporal differentiation of rainfall thresholds for debris flows in Wenchuan earthquake-affected areas. Environmental Earth Sciences 75(2): 109.   DOI
75 Soma, A.S., and Kubota, T. 2017. The performance of land use change causative factor on landslide susceptibility map in upper Ujung-Loe watersheds South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 4(2): 157-170.   DOI
76 Park, K.S., Kim, K.M., Song, M.K., Jo, M.S., Kim, D.Y., Ko, S.H., Kim, Y.S., Kwon, J.O. 2019. Development of appropriate technology and implementation model for forest restoration to North Korea. National Institute of Forest Science. Seoul, Republic of Korea. pp. 72.
77 Park, K.S. and Lee, C.H. 2015. A study on the scenario on forest cooperations between North Korea and South Korea and the realization of environmental politics. North Korean Studies 11(1): 171-198.
78 Park, K.S., Lee, S.Y. and Park, S.Y. 2009. A study on the North Korea's change of forest psince the economic crisis in 1990's. The Korean Journal of Unification Affairs 21(1): 459-492.