Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2021.110.2.217

Production and Fuel Properties of Wood Chips from Logging Residues by Timber Harvesting Methods  

Choi, Yun-Sung (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science)
Jeong, In-Seon (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science)
Cho, Min-Jae (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science)
Mun, Ho-Seong (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science)
Oh, Jae-Heun (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science / v.110, no.2, 2021 , pp. 217-232 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study calculated the productivity and cost of extraction and processing of logging residues by cut-to-length (CTL) and whole-tree (WT) harvesting methods. In addition, the comparative analysis of the characteristics of wood chip fuel to examine whether it was suitable for the fuel conditions of the energy facility. In the harvesting and processing system to produce the wood chips of logging residues the system productivity and cost of the CTL harvesting system were 1.6 Gwt/SMH and 89,865 won/Gwt, respectively. The productivity and cost of the WT harvesting system were 2.9 Gwt/SMH and 72,974 won/Gwt, respectively. The WT harvesting productivity increased 1.3times while harvesting cost decreased by 18.7% compared to the CTL harvesting system. The logging residues of wood chips were not suitable for CTL wood chips based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO 17225-4:2021) and South Korea standard (NIFoS, 2020), but the quality (A2, Second class) was improved through screening operation. The WT-unscreened wood chips conformed to NIFoS standard (second class) and did not conform to ISO but were improved through screening operation (Second class). In addition to the energy facility in plant A, all wood chips except CTL-unscreened wood chips were available through drying processing. The WT-unscreened wood chips were the lowest at 99,408 won/Gwt. Plants B, C, and D had higher moisture content than plant A, so WT-unscreened wood chips without drying processing were the lowest at 57,204 won/Gwt. Therefore, the production of logging residues should improve with operation methods that improve the quality of wood chips required for applying the variable biomass and energy facility.
Keywords
harvesting and processing methods; logging residue; wood chips; quality; screening;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Abe, F. 1986. Calorific value of Japanese coniferous wood. Forest Products Chemistry 36(388): 91-100.
2 Adebayo, A.B., Han, H.S. and Leonard, J. 2007. Productivity and cost of cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting in a mixed-conifer stand. Forest Products Journal 57(6):59-69.
3 Cha, D.S., Hwang, J.S. and Oh, J.H. 2011. Power requirement and particle size distribution characteristic by crush condition of wood crusher. In Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Meeting of the Korean Forest Society, Gueongju, Korea, pp. 851-853.
4 Woo, B.M., Koh, D.H., Kim, J.S., Oh, K.C., Kwon, T.H., Ma, H.S., Kim, J.W., Lee, H.H. and Kim, N.C. 1990. Forest Engineering; Gwangilmunhwasa: Seoul, Korea, pp. 332-334.
5 ISO 16968:2015-Solid Biofuels-Determination of Minor Elements; International Organization for Standard, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1-19.
6 Euh, S.H., Oh, K.C., Oh, J.H. and Kim, D.H. 2014. The Formation Characteristics of Tar, Ash and Clinker due to Combustion of Wood Pellet and Performance Analysis of Wood pellet Boiler in terms of the Moisture contents Change of the Wood Pellet. Journal of Energy Engineering 23(3): 221-230.   DOI
7 Cho, M.J., Choi, Y.S., Paik, S.H., Mun, H.S., Cha, D.S., Han, S.K. and Oh, J.H. 2019. Comparison of Productivity and Cost between Two Integrated Harvesting Systems in South Korea. Forests 10(9): 763.   DOI
8 Construction Association of Korea. 2016. Report of the first half year on the actual condition of construction industry wage in the second half of 2016. Construction Association of Korea: Seoul, Korea, pp. 9-10.
9 Filippou, V., Philippou, I., Symeonidis, N., Eleftheriadis, I. and Tsiotas, K. 2018. Analysis of logging forest residues as an energy source. Journal of Agricultural Informatics 9(1): 14-25.
10 ISO 16948:2015-Solid Biofuels-Determination of Total Content of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen, International Organization for Standard, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1-9.
11 ISO 18122:2015-Soild Biofuels-Determination of Ash Content. International Organization for Standard. Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1-6.
12 ISO 18134-1:2015-Solid Biofuels-Determination of Moisture Content-Oven dry Method-Part1: Total Moisture-Reference Method. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 12.
13 Korea National Oil Corporation. 2016. Domestic oil prices. http://www.knoc.co.kr/ (2016. 11. 22)
14 Gendek, A. and Nawrocka, A. 2014. Effect of chipper knives sharpening on the forest chips quality. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Agriculture. pp. 97-107.
15 Gendek, A. and Nurek, T. 2016. Variability of energy woodchips and their economic effects. Folia Forestalia polonica, Series A-Forestry 58(2): 62-71.   DOI
16 Gendek, A. and Zychowicz, W. 2015. Analysis of wood chippings fractions utilized for energy purposes. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Agriculture. pp. 79-91.
17 Kim, M.K. and Park, S.J. 2013. An Analysis of the Operational Cost in the Whole-tree and Cut-to-Length Logging Operation System. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 102(2): 229-238.
18 Kim, M.K. and Park, S.J. 2012. An Analysis of the Operational Time and Productivity in Whole-tree and Cut-to-Length Logging Operation System. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 101(3): 344-355.
19 Kuptz, D. et al. 2019. Evaluation of combined screening and drying steps for the improvement of the fuel quality of forest residue wood chips-results from six case studies. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 9(1): 83-98.   DOI
20 Loria, k. 2015. Watching Wood Dry, http://biomassmagazine.com/articles/12181/watching-wood-dry (2015. 07. 26).
21 Lee, C.G. et al. 2016. A study on the productivity and cost analysis of the timber and logging residue in CTL system of excavator yarding for using the woody resources. New Renene 12(3): 51-58.
22 Nati, C., Spinelli, R., and Fabbri, P. 2010. Wood chip size distribution in relation to blade wear and screen use. Biomass Bioenergy 34(5): 583-587.   DOI
23 Huber, C., Kroisleitner, H. and Stampfer, K. 2017. Performance of a Mobile Star Screen to Improve Wood chip Quality of Forest Residues. Forests 8(5): 171.   DOI
24 ISO 17225-4:2021-Solid Biofuels-Fuel Specifications and Classes-Part 4: Graded Wood Chips; International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1-8.
25 Gendek, A., Malat'ak, J. and Velebil, J. 2018. Effect of harvest method and composition of wood chips on their caloric value and ash content. Sylwan 162(3): 248-257.
26 Miyata, E.S. 1980. Determining fixed and operating costs of logging equipment. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
27 Nati, C., Eliasson, L. and Spinelli, R. 2010. Effect of chip type, biomass type and blade wear on productivity, fuel consumption and product quality. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering: Journal for Theory and Application of Forestry Engineering 35(1): 1-7.
28 National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS). 2020. Standards and Quality Standards of Wood Products(Wood chips); Notice article(2020-2): Seoul, Korea, pp. 4.
29 Raitila, J. and Heiskanen, V.P. 2015. Profitability of drying wood chips Integrated into fuelwood supply; Proceedings of the 48th FORMEC Symposium, pp. 143-146.
30 Nordhagen, E. 2014. Wood Fuel Chip Quality Properties of fuel wood Chips In Norway. FEC/FORMEC-2014: Forest Engineering Conference, pp. 1-7.
31 Smeets, E. and Faaij, A. 2007. Bioenergy potentials from forestry in 2050. Climatic Change 81(3): 353-390.   DOI
32 Spinelli, R., Magagnotti, N. 2010. Comparision of two harvesting systems for the production of forest biomass from the thinning of picea abies plantations. Scandinavion Journal of Forest Research 25(1): 69-77.   DOI
33 Spinelli, R. and Visser, R. 2009. Analyzing and estimation delays in wood chipping operations. Biomass Bioenergy 33(3): 429-433.   DOI
34 Woo, H. 2015. Screening and Characterization of Comminuted Woody Biomass Feedstocks. (Dissertation). Arcata, USA, Humboldt State University.
35 Moskalik, T. and Gendek, A. 2019. Production of Chips from Logging Residues and Their Quality for Energy: A Review of European Literature. Forests 10(3): 262.   DOI
36 ISO 3310-2:2013-Test Sieves-Technical Requirements and Testing-Part2: Test Sieves of Perforated Metel Plate. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1-9.
37 ISO 18125:2017-Solid Biofuels-Determination of Calorific Value. Ineternational Organization for standard, Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1-56.
38 Kang, S.B., Kim, J.J., Choi, K.S. and Lee, Y.J. 2008. Measurement of Efficiency and Flue Gas Concentration of 90kW Woodchip Boiler. Korean Society for New and Renewable Energy. pp. 194-197.
39 Choi, Y.S., Cho, M.J., Paik, S.H., Mun, H.S., Kim, D.H., Han, S.K. and Oh, J.H. 2019. Factors Affecting the Chipping Operation Based on the Screen Size of the Drum Chipper. Forest 10(11): 1029.   DOI
40 Laitila, J. and Nuutinen, Y. 2015. Efficiency of Integrated Grinding and Screening of Stump Wood for Fuel at Roadside Landing with a Low-Speed Double-Shaft Grinder and a Star Screen. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering: Journal for Theory and Application of Forestry Engineering 36(1): 19-32.
41 National Geographic Information Institute. 2016. The National Atlas of KoreaII. National Geographic Information Institute, Suwon, Korea, pp. 76-77.
42 Eliasson, L., Hofsten, H.V., Johannesson, T., Spinelli, R. and Thierfelder, T. 2015. Effects of sieve size on chipper productivity, fuel consumption and chip size distribution for open drum chippers. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering: Journal for Theory and Application of Forestry Engineering 36(1): 11-17.
43 Cho, M.J. 2019. Forest Biomass Supply Chain Management for Regional Self-Sufficient Thermal Energy Utilization. (Dissertation), Chun-Choen. Kangwon National University.
44 Cho, M.J., Cho, K.H., Choi, B.K. and Cha, D.S. 2018. Yarding productivity of tree-length harvesting using a small cable-yarder in steep slope. Forest Science and Technology. 14(3): 132-137..   DOI
45 Choi, Y.S., Cho, M.J., Mun, H.S., Kim, D.H., Cha, D.S., Han, S.K. and Oh, J.H. 2018. Analysis of Yarding Productivity and Cost of Tower-Yarder Based on Excavator Using Radio- Controlled Double Clamp Carriage. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 107(3):266-277.   DOI
46 Lee, E.J., Han, S.K. and Im, S.J. 2019. Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea. Forests 10(7): 585.   DOI
47 Pollex, A., Lesche, S., Kuptz, D., Zeng, T., Kuffer, G., Muhlenberg, J., Hartmann, H. and Lenz, V. 2020. Influence of Screening and Drying on Low-Quality Wood Chips for Application in Small-Scale Gasification Plants. Chemical Engineering & Technology 43(8): 1493-1505.   DOI
48 Spinelli, R. and Hartsough, B. 2001. A survey of Italian chipping operations. Biomass Bioenergy 21(6): 433-444.   DOI
49 Korea Forest Service (KFS). 2012. Forestry mechanization promotion. Korea Forest Service. pp. 24.
50 Lieskovsky, M., Jankovsky M., Trenciansky M., Merganic, J. and Dvorak, J. 2017. Ash content vs. the economics of using wood chip for energy: model based on data from central europe. Bio Resoureces 12(1): 1579-1592.
51 ISO 17827-1:2016-Solid Biofuels-Determination of Particle Size Distribution for Uncompressed Fuels-Part1: Oscillating Screen Method Using Sieves with apertures of 3.15mm and Abobe; International Organization for Standard. Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 1-10.
52 Brinker, R.W., Kinard, J., Rummer, B. and Lanford, B. 2002. Machine rate for selected forest harvesting machines. Circular 296(Revised). Alabama Agricultural Experimental Station, Auburn, Alabama, USA, pp. 32.