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http://dx.doi.org/10.12673/jant.2021.25.2.156

Code Embedding and Detection for Camera Identifiable Photos  

Bae, Joon-Hyeon (Dept. of Computer Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology)
Hong, Won-Kee (Dept. of Multimedia Engineering, Daegu University)
Ko, Jaepil (Dept. of Computer Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology)
Publication Information
Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology / v.25, no.2, 2021 , pp. 156-161 More about this Journal
Abstract
Recently, applications that acquire additional information by taking a quick response (QR) code photo with a smart-phone camera is widely used. The QR codes can contain a lot of information, but in order to recognize a QR code, we need to take a photo so that all four corners of the code are covered. To overcome this limitation, we propose a method to embed a sequence of code bits to a digital image and detect from the captured image of its photos. The proposed scheme embed the code in the frequency domain so that the code is not lost despite severe image degradation issued during the print-camera process. The conventional frequency-domain approaches usually embed only 1~2 bits, however we designed to be able to contain 16 bits. In particular, we additionally embed alignment bits as well as code bits to facilitate the decoding process. In our experiments, we achieved an average accuracy of 95.2% for images partially captured under random rotation. This corresponds to only 0.76 bits in terms of the average number of error bits.
Keywords
Image code; Code embedding; Watermarking; Steganography; Invisible code;
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