Browse > Article

R&D Trends and Unit Processes of Hydrogen Station  

Moon, Dong Ju (Reaction Media Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology)
Lee, Byoung Gwon (Reaction Media Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology)
Publication Information
Korean Chemical Engineering Research / v.43, no.3, 2005 , pp. 331-343 More about this Journal
Abstract
Development of hydrogen station system is an important technology to commercialize fuel cells and fuel cell powered vehicles. Generally, hydrogen station consists of hydrogen production process including desulfurizer, reformer, water gas shift (WGS) reactor and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) apparatus, and post-treatment process including compressor, storage and distributer. In this review, we investigate the R&D trends and prospects of hydrogen station in domestic and foreign countries for opening the hydrogen economy society. Indeed, the reforming of fossil fuels for hydrogen production will be essential technology until the ultimate process that may be water hydrolysis using renewable energy source such as solar energy, wind force etc, will be commercialized in the future. Hence, we also review the research trends on unit technologies such as the desulfurization, reforming reaction of fossil fuels, water gas shift reaction and hydrogen separation for hydrogen station applications.
Keywords
Hydrogen Station; Desulfurization; Reformer; Water Gas Shift (WGS); PSA; Hydrogen Economy Society;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Bockris, J. O. M., 'Hydrogen Economy in the Future,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 24, 1-15(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Armor, J. N., 'The Multiple Roles for Catalysis in the Production of $H_2$,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 176, 159-176(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
3 http://www.hydrogenus.com
4 http://www.nrel.gov
5 Melaina, M. W., 'Initiating Hydrogen Infrastuctures: Preliminary Analysis of a Sufficient Number of Initial Hydrogen Stations in the US,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 28, 743-755(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Shangguan, W. F., 'Progress in Research of Hydrogen Production from Water on Photocatalysts with Solar Energy,' Chin. J. Inorg. Chem., 17(5), 619-626(2001)
7 Ogden, J. M., 'Developing an Infrastructure for Hydrogen Vehicles: a Southern California Case Study,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 24, 709-730(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Bunger, U. and Tartaglia, G. P., 'Hydrogen Activities in the European Union Work Programme,' 21st World Gas Conference, Nizza, 6-9 June(2000)
9 Oh, Y. S. and Jung, H., 'R&D Status of Reformer and Development of Small Scale Hydrogen Generator,' Prospective of Industrial Chemistry, 6(3), 11-29(2003)
10 Kang, D. M., Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Lee, B. G., Lee, S. D. and Hong, S. I., 'Fine Grinding Characterization of Alumina Ground by a Stirred ball Attrition Mill,' Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 42(5), 518-523(2004)
11 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Kang, D. M., Lee, B. G., Ahn, B. S. and Lee, S. D., 'POX Reforming Structured Catalyst of Gasoline for Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles Applications and A Method for Preparing the Structured Catalyst,' Application to Korea Patent No. 03-0074937(2003), U.S. Patent No. 10/830,238(2004)
12 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Lee, S. D. and Hong, S. I., 'Development of High Performance WGS Catalyst for Hydrogen Staion and Fuel Processor,' The 4th Asia-Pacific Chemical Reaction Engineering Symposium(APCRE), Gyeongju, 199-200(2005)
13 Song, C., 'Catalytic Fuel Processing for Fuel Cell Applications. Challenges and Opportunities,' Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 46(1), 8-13(2001)
14 Turaga, U. and Song C., 'Novel Mesoporous Co-Mo/MCM-41 Catalyst for Deep Hydrodesulfuization of Jet Fuel,' Proceeding of the North American Catalysis Society Meeting, Canada(2001)
15 Sipma, J., Janssen, A. J. H., Pol, L. W. H. and Lettingal, G., 'Development of a Novel Process for the Biological Conversion of $H_{2}S$ and Methanethiol to Elemental Sulfur,' Biotechnol. Bioeng., 82(1), 1-11(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Ma, X., Sung, L., Yin, Z. and Song, C., 'New Approaches to Deep Desulfurizaton of Diesel Fuel, Jet Fuel and Gasoline by Adsorption for Ultra-Clean Fuels and For Fuel Cell Applications,' Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 46(2), 648-649(2001)
17 Kim, J. Y., Oh, E. O., Kim, J. W., Roh, H. S., Jun, K. W. and Lee, C. H., 'Studies on Desulfurization of LNG with an Adsorbent,' Theo. & Appl. Chem. Eng., 10(1) 498-501 (2004)
18 Hirschenhofer, J. H., Stauffer, D. B., Engleman, R. R. and Klett, M. G., Fuel Cell Handbook, 4th Ed., DOE/FETC-99/1076(1998)
19 Woods, R., 'Fuel-Flexible, Fuel-Processing Subsystem Development,' Proceedings of the Joint DOE/EPRI/GRI Review Conference on Fuel Cell Technology(1999)
20 Mariana, M. V. M. S. and Martin, S., 'Autothermal Reforming of Methane Over $Pt/ZrO_{2}/Al_{2}O_{3}$ Catalysts,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 281, 19-24(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Johannessen, E. and Jordal, K., 'Study of a $H_{2}$ Separating Membrane Reactor for Methane Steam Reforming at Conditions Relevant for Power Processor with CO2 Capture,' Energy Conv. & Manag., 46, 1059-1071(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Chanenchuk, C. A., Yates, I. C. and Satterfield, C. N., 'The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis with a Mechanical Mixture of a Cobalt Catlayst and a Coppper-Based Water Gas Shift Catalyst,' Energy & Fuels, 5(6), 847-855(1991)   DOI
23 Oguchi, H., Nishiguchi, T., Matsumoto, T., Kanai, H., Utani, K., Matsumura, Y. and Imamura, S., 'Steam Reforming of Methanol Over $Cu/CeO_{2}/ZrO_{2}$ Catalysts,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 281, 69-73(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Koji. M., 'Catalyst for Reforming of Methanol and Process of Preparing Same,' U.S. Patent No. 4,501,823(1985)
25 Moon, D. J., Sreekumar, K., Lee, S. D., Lee, B. G. and Kim, H. S., 'Studies on Gasoline Fuel Processor System for Fuel-Cell Powered Vehicles Application,' Appl. Catal. A:Gen., 215(1-2), 1-9(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Cai, Y., Davies, S. and Wagner, J., 'Water Gas Shift Catalyst,' U.S. Patent No. 6,627,572 B1(2003)
27 Hilaire, S., Wang, X., Luo, T., Gorte, R. J. and Wagner, J., 'Comparative Study of Water-Gas-Shift Reaction Over Ceria-Supported Metallic Catalysts,' Appl. Catal. A:Gen., 258, 271-276(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Walter, H., Arsac, S., Bock, J., Siems, S. O., Canders, W. R., Leenders, A., Freyhardt, H. C., Fieseler, H. and Kesten, M., 'Liquid Hydrogen Tank with Cylindrical Superconducting Bearing for Automotive Application,' IEEE Transaction on Applied Superconductivity, 13(2), 2150-2153(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Yu, X. B., Xia, B. J., Wu, Z. and Xu, N. X., 'Phase Structure and Hydrogen Sorption Performance of Ti-Mn-Based Alloys,' Mat. Sci. Eng. A-Struct., 373(1-2), 303-308(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
30 http://www.dynetek.com
31 Bogdan P. L., 'Selective Bifunctional Multimetallic Reforming Catalyst', U.S. Patent No. 6,495,487B1(2002)
32 Saxena, S. K., 'Hydrogen Production by Chemically Reacting Species,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 28(1), 49-53(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Rosen, M. A. and Scott, D. S., 'Comparative Efficiency Assessments for a Range of Hydrogen Production Processes,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 23(8), 653-659(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
34 http://www.kogas.or.kr
35 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Lee, S. D., Lee B. G. and Ahn, B. S., 'Transition Metal Catalysts for the POX Reforming of Gasoline for Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles Applications,' Korea Patent No. 0448683(2004)
36 Kwak, C., Park, T. J. and Suh, D. J., 'Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide in Hydrogen-Rich Gas over Platinum-Cobaltalumina Aerogel Catalysts,' Chem. Eng. Sci., 60(5), 1211-1217(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Okada, O., 'Method For Preparing Catalyst for Reforming Methanol,' Korea Patent No. 10-7013040(2002)
38 Choi, B. U., Nam, G. M., Choi, D. K., Lee, B. G., Kim, S. H. and Lee, C. H., 'Adsorption and Regeneration Dynamic Characteristics of Methane and Hydrogen Binary System,' Korean J. Chem. Eng., 21(4), 821-828(2004)   DOI
39 Jee, J. G., Kim, M. B. and Lee, C. H., 'Pressure Swing Adsorption Processs to Purify Oxygen Using a Carbon Molecular Sieve,' Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, 869-882(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Krause, T., Kumar, R. and Krumpelt, M., 'Sulfur Removal from Reformate,' Proceedings of the Annual National Laboratory R&D Meeting of DOE Fuel Cell for Transportation Program(2002)
41 Okada, O., Tabata, T. and Masuda, M., 'Process for Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons,' U.S. Patent No. 5,124,140(1992)
42 Liu, X., Ruettinger, W., Xu, X. and Farrauto, R., 'Deactivation of $Pt/CeO_{2}$ Water Gas Shift Catalysts due to Shutdown/Starup Modes for Fuel Cell Applications,' Appl. Catal. B: Env., 56, 69-75(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Hou, P., Meeker, D. and Wise, H., 'Kinetic Studies with a Sulfur-Tolerant Water Gas Shift Catalyst,' J. Catal., 80, 280-291(1983)   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Nagase, S., Takami, S., Hirayama, A. and Hirai, Y., 'Development of a High Efficiency Substitute Natural Gas Production Process,' Catal. Today, 45(1-4), 393-397(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Fu, Q., Deng, W., Saltsburg, H. and Maria, F.-S., 'Activity and Stability of Low-Content Gold-Cerium Oxide Catalysts for the Water Gas Shift Reaction,' Appl. Catal. B: Env., 56, 57-68(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Teziya, H., Tomoki, Y., Kojo, D. and Dakashi, W., 'Catalyst for Reforming Hydrocarbon and Method for Preparation Thereof, and Process for Reforming Hydrocarbon using Said Catalyst,' Korea Patent No. 10-7012569(2003)
47 Nicoletti, G., 'The Hydrogen Option for Energy: A Review of Technical, Environmental and Economic Aspects,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 20, 759-765(1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
48 http://www.fuel-cell-bus-club.com
49 Effendi, A., Hellgardt, K., Zhang, Z.-G. and Yoshida, T., 'Optimising $H_{2}$ Production from Model Biogas via Combined Steam Reforming and CO Shift Reactions,' Fuel, 84, 869-874(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
50 http://www.nrcan.gc.ca
51 Privette, R. M., Flynn, T. J., Perna, M. A., Kneidel, K. E., King, D. L. and Cooper, M., 'Compact Fuel Processor for Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles,' Proceedings of the Joint DOE/EPRI/GRI Review Conference on Fuel Cell Technology(1999)
52 Gary, J. and Burtron, H. D., 'In Situ DRIFTS Investigation of the Steam Reforming of Methanol Over Pt/ceria,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 285, 43-49(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Gambini, M. and Vellini, M., 'Comparative Analysis of $H_{2}/O_{2}$ Cycle Power Plants Based on Different Hydrogen Production Systems from Fossil Fuels,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 30, 593-604(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Sircar, S. and Golden, T. C., 'Purification of Hydrogen by Pressure Swing Adsorption,' Separ. Sci. Technol., 35(5), 667-687(2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Yohei, T., Ryuji, K., Tatsuya, T. and Koichi, E., 'Steam Reforming of Dimethyl Ether Over Composite Catalysts of $\gamma-Al_{2}O_{3}$ and Cu-based Spinel,' Appl. Catal. B: Env., 57, 211-222(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
56 http://www.enaa.or.jp/we-net
57 http://www.eren.doe.gov/hydrogen
58 Bilgen, E., 'Domestic Hydrogen Production using Renewable Energy,' Sol. Energy, 77(1), 47-55(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Jiang, L., Wang, G.-C., Cai, Z.-S., Pan, Y.-M. and Zhao, X.-Z., 'Promotion of the Water Gas Shift Reaction by Pre-Adsorbed Oxygen on Cu(hkl) Surfaces: a Theoretical Study,' J. Mol. Struct., 710, 97-104(2004)   DOI
60 Choung, S. Y., Ferrandon, M. and Krause, T., 'Pt-Re Bimetallic Supported on $CeO_{2}-ZrO_{2}$ Mixed Oxides as Water Gas Shift Catalysts,' Catal. Today, 99, 257-262(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Tauster, S. J., Rabinowitz, H. N. and Dettling, J. C., 'Three-Way Conversion Catalyst Including a Ceria-Containing Zirconia Support,' U. S. Patent No. 5,139,992(1992)
62 Liu, B. H., Kim, D. M., Lee, K. Y. and Lee, J. Y., 'Hydrogen Storage Properties of $TiMn_{2}$-Based Alloys,' J. Alloy Compd., 240(1-2), 214-218(1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Song, C. S., 'Fuel Processing for Low-Temperature and High-Temperature Fuel Cells - Challenges, and Opportunities for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century,' Catal. Today, 77(1-2), 17-49(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
64 Hao, S. R., 'Hydrocarbon Steam-Reforming Process: Feedstock and Catalysts for Hydrogen Production in China,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 23(5), 315-319(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Yoon, W. L., Park, J. W., Rhee, Y. W., Han, M. W., Jeong, J. H., Park, J. S., Jung, H., Lee, H. T. and Kim, C. S., 'Operating Characteristics of Integrated NG Reformer System for 5 kW Class PEM Fuel Cell,' HWAHAK KONGHAK, 41(3), 389-396(2003)
66 http://www.sait.samsung.co.kr
67 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. D. and Lee, B. G., 'High Performance Water Gas Shift Catalysts and A Method of Preparing The Same,' Korean Patent 10-0028765 (2004), and U.S. Patent No.10,852,452(2004)
68 Moon, D. J. and Ryu, J. W., 'Molybdenum Carbide Water–Gas Shift Catalyst for Fuel Cell-Powered Vehicles Applications,' Catal. Lett., 92, 17(2004)   DOI
69 Luengnaruemitchai, A., Osuwan, S. and Gulari, E., 'Comparative Studies of Low-Temperature Water–Gas Shift Reaction over $Pt/CeO_{2}$, $Au/CeO_{2}$, and $Au/Fe_{2}O_{3}$ Catalysts,' Catal. Comm., 4, 215-221(2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
70 http://www.jhfc.org
71 http://rnd.lgchem.co.kr
72 Topsoe, H., Knudsen, K. G., Byskov, L. S., Norskov, J. K. and Clausen, B. S., 'Advances in Deep Desulfurization,' Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 121, 13-22(1999)   DOI
73 Bobet, J. L. and Darriet, B., 'Relationship Between Hydrogen Sorption Properties and Crystallography for $TiMn_{2}$ Based Alloys,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 25(8), 767-772(2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
74 http://www.qtww.com
75 http://www.h2.re.kr
76 http://www.ceti-fuelcell.com
77 KIST, 'Development of Multi-Fuel Processor for Fuel Cell Vehicle,' KIST Report, UCE1746(2)-7370-1(2002)
78 Ryu, J. W., Moon, D. J., Kang, D. M., Kim, H. S., Lee, S. D. and Ahn, B. S., '$Pt-Ni/CeO_2$ WGS Catalyst for Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles Applicatins,' 13th ICC, 123-124(2004)
79 Swartz, S. L., Seabaugh, M. M., McCormick, B. E. and Dawson, W. J., 'Ceria-Based Water-Gas-Shift Catalysts,' Fuel Cell 2002, 587-590(2002)
80 Barg, C., Secchi, A. R., Trierweiler, J. O. and Ferreira, J. M. P., 'Simulation of an Industrial PSA Unit,' Lat. Am. Appl. Res., 31(5), 469-475(2001)
81 http://www.uop.com
82 Keiski, R. L., Desponds, O. Y., Chan, G. and Somorjai, A., 'Kinetics of the Water-Gas Shift Reaction over Several Alkane Activation and Water-Gas Shift Catalysts,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen, 101, 317-338(1993)   DOI   ScienceOn
83 http://www.clean-air.org
84 Ogden, J. M., Steinbugler, M. M. and Kreutz, T. G., 'A Comparison of Hydrogen, Methanol and Gasoline as Fuels for Fuel Cell Vehicles: Implications for Vehicle Design and Infrastructure Development,' J. Power Sources, 79, 143-168(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
85 http://www.hydrogen.org
86 Wurster, R., Altmann, M., Sillat, D., Linde, A. G., Schaller, K. V., Gruber, C. H., Kalk, K. W., Hammerschmidt, A., Bette, W., Holl, E. and Fetzer J., 'Bavarian PEM Fuel Cell Bus Project,' Proceeding of 13th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 1-7(2000)
87 Haque, I. U. and Trimm, D. L., 'Process for Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons,' U.S. Patent No. 5,595,719(1997)
88 Thompson, L., Patt, J., Moon, D. J. and Phillips, C., 'Transition Metal Carbides, Nitrides and Borides and Their Oxygen Containing Analogs Useful as Water Gas Shift Catalysts,' U.S. Patent No. 6,623,720 B2(2003)
89 Junker, M., Bocquet, L., Bendif, M. and Karboviac, D., 'Hydrogen for Road Transportation: Achievements and Developments,' Ann. Chim-Sci. Mat., 26(4), 117-130(2001)
90 http://www.kier.re.kr
91 Hagihara, K. and Umeno, M., 'Catalyst for Steam Reforming of Methanol and Method for Producing Hydrogen Therewith,' U.S. Patent No. 6,583,084(2003)
92 Hao, S. R., 'Hydrocarbon Stream Reforming Process: Feedstock and Catalysts for Hydrogen Production in China,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 23(5), 315-319(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
93 Lee, S. H. D., Applegate, D. V., Ahmed, S., Calderone, S. G. and Harvey, T. L., 'Hydrogen from Natural Gas: Part-Autothermal Reforming in an Integrated Fuel Processor,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 30, 829-842(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
94 Trasatti, S., 'Electrochemistry and Environment-The Role of Electrocatalysis,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 20(10), 835-844(1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
95 Song, C., 'Keynote: Catalysis and Chemistry for Deep Desulfurization of Gasoline and Diesel Fuels,' Proceeding of the 5th International Conference on Refinery Processing, New Orleans, 3-12(2002)
96 Song, C. and Reddy, K. M., 'Mesoporous Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Supported Co-Mo Catalyst for Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene in Distillate Fuels,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 176(1), 1-10(1999)   DOI   ScienceOn
97 Roh, H. S., Jun, K. W., Kim, J. Y., Kim, J. W., Park, D. R., Kim, J. D. and Yang, S. S., 'Adsorptive Desulfurization of Natural Gas for Fuel Cells,' J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10(4), 511-515(2004)   DOI
98 Kim, J. B., Han, J., Yoon, S. P., Nam, S. W., Lim, T. H., Hong, S. A. and Lee, K. Y., 'Development of $Ni-CeO_{2}$ Based WGS catalyst for Fuel Cell Vehicle Application,' Theo. & Appl. Chem. Eng., 8(1), 249-252(2002)
99 Bharadwaj, S. S. and Schmidt, L. D., 'Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Natural Gas to Syngas,' Fuel Process. Technol., 42, 109-127 (1995)   DOI
100 KIST, 'Development of Multi-Fuel Processor for Fuel Cell Vehicle,' KIST Report, UCE1702(2)-7118-6(2001)
101 Masuda, M., Okada, O., Tabata, T., Hirai, Y. and Fujita, H., 'Method of Desulfurization of Hydrocarbons,' U.S. Patent No. 6,042,798(2000)
102 Schorfheide, J. J. and Schweizer, A. E., 'Cyclic Reforming Catalyst Regeneration,' U.S. Patent No. 5,391,292(1995)
103 Ghenciu, A. F., 'Review of Fuel Processing Catalysts for Hydrogen Production in PEM Fuel Cell Systems,' Curr. Opin. Solid. STM., 6(5), 389-399(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
104 Lampert, J., 'Selective Catalytic Oxidation: a New Catalytic Approach to the Desulfurization of Natural Gas and Liquid Petroleum Gas for Fuel Cell Reformer Applications,' J. Power Sources, 131(1-2), 27-34(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
105 http://www.gov.mb.ca
106 Kida, T., Guan, G. Q., Yamada, N., Ma, T. L., Kimura, K. and Yoshida, A., 'Hydrogen Production from Sewage Sludge Solubilized in Hot-Compressed Water using Photocatalyst under Light Irradiation,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 29(3), 269-274(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
107 Fahmy, F. H., 'Hydrogen Gas Production and Utilization as Electricity using a Renewable Energy Source,' Energ. Source, 21(7), 629-641(1999)   DOI
108 Ryu, J. W., Moon, D. J., Heo, M. H., Lee, B. G. and Hong, S. I., 'Development of Water Gas Shift Catalyst for Fuel Processor and Hydrogen Station,' 10th Korea & Japan Symposium on Catalysis, Matsue, Japan, 229-230(2005)
109 Kwak, C., Park, T. J. and Suh, D. J., 'Effects of Sodium Addition on the Performance of $PtCo/Al_{2}O_{3}$ Catalysts for Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide from Hydrogen-Rich Fuels,' Appl. Catal. A:Gen., 278(2), 181-186(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
110 Jacobs, G., Graham, U. M., Chenu, E., Patterson, P. M., Dozier, A. and Davis, B. H., 'Low Temperature Water Gas Shift: Impact of Pt Promoter Loading on the Partial Reduction of Ceria and Consequences for Catalyst Design,' J. Catal., 229, 499-512(2005)   DOI   ScienceOn
111 Choi, B. U., Hong, S. C., Choi, D. K., Lee, B. G., Baek, Y. S. and Lee, C. H., 'Experimental and Theoretical Study of $H_{2}$ Separation Using PSA Process,' Trans. of the Korean Hydrogen Energy Society, 14(1), 81-95(2003)
112 Kreuter, W. and Hofmann, H., 'Electrolysis: the Important Energy Transformer in a World of Sustainable Energy,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 23(8), 661-666(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
113 Ashokkumar, M., 'An Overview on Semiconductor Particulate Systems for Photoproduction of Hydrogen,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 23(6), 427-438(1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
114 Hijikata, T., 'Research and Development of International Clean Energy Network using Hydrogen Energy (WE-NET),' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 27, 115-129(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
115 Ryu, J. W., Moon, D. J., Lee, S. D., Lee, B. G., Ahn, B. S. and Hong, S. I., 'Development of Water Gas Shift Catalyst for Fuel Cell and Vehicles Applications,' 9th Korea & Japan Symposium on Catalysis, Pohang, Korea, 161-162(2003)
116 Whitehurst, D. D., Isoda, T. and Mochida, I., 'Present State of the Art and Future Challenges in the Hydrodesulfurization of Polyaromatic Sulfur Compounds,' Adv. Catal., 42, 345-471(1998)   DOI
117 http://www.hyundai-motor.com
118 Rosen, M. A., 'Thermodynamic Comparison of Hydrogen Production Processes,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 21(5), 349-365(1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
119 Kopasz, J. P., Applegate, D., Ruscic, L., Ahmed, S. and Krumpelt, M., 'Effects of Gasoline Components on Fuel Processing and Implications for Fuel Cell Fuels,' Fuel Cell 2000, 284-287(2000)
120 http://www.h2fc.or.kr
121 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Kim, D. H., Yoo, K. S., Lee, S. D., Ahn, B. S., Kim, H. G. and Lee, B. G., 'R&D Trends and Catalyst Technologies of Hydrogen Station,' Theo. & Appl. Chem. Eng., 10(2), 2350-2353(2004)
122 Gates B. C. and Topsoe, H., 'Reactivities in Deep Catalytic Hydrodesulfurization: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Importance of 4-methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene,' Polyhedron, 16(18), 3213-3217(1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
123 Moon, D. J., Kim, D. H., Ahn, B. S. and Lee, B. G., 'Steam Reforming Catalyst of Hydrocarbons for Hydrocarhons for Hydrogen Station and Fuel Processor,' The 4th Asia-Pacific Chemical Reaction Engineering Symposium (APCRE), Gyeongju, 197-198(2005)
124 Talyor, B., 'From Test Stations to Commercialization Within a Decade at Hydrogenics,' Fuel Cell Bulletin, 2004(4), 10-14(2004)
125 Schug, C. A., 'Operational Characteristics of High-Pressure, Highefficiency Water-Hydrogen-Electrolysis,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 23(12), 1113-1120 (1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
126 Onda, K., Kyakuno, T., Hattori, K. and Ito, K., 'Prediction of Production Power for High-Pressure Hydrogen by High-Pressure Water Electrolysis,' J. Power Sources, 132(1-2), 64-70(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
127 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Lee, S. D., Lee B. G. and Ahn, B. S., 'Ni-Based Catalyst for Partial Oxidation Reforming of Iso-Octane,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen, 272, 53-60(2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
128 Ryu, J. W., Moon, D. J. and Hong, S. I., '$Pt-Ni/CeO_2$ Water Gas Shift Catalyst for Fuel Processor and Hydrogen Station Applications,' submitted, Catal. Lett.(2005)
129 Primdahl, I. I. and Serra, G. P., 'Process for the Preparation of Ammonia Synthesis Gas,' U.S. Patent No. 5,211,880(1993)
130 Pehr, H., Sauermann, P., Traeger, O. and Bracha, M., 'Liquid Hydrogen for Motor Vehicles-the World’s First Public $LH_2$ Filling Station,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 26, 777-782(2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
131 Kim D. H., Moon, D. J., Yoo, K. S., Lee, B. G., Yoon Y. S., Kwak, B. S. and Hong, S. I., 'Ni-Based Catalyst for Steam Reforming of LPG in Hydrogen Station and Fuel Processor Systems,' 10th Korea & Japan Symposium on Catalysis, Matsue, Japan, 227-228(2005)
132 Park, J. H., Kim, J. N. and Cho, S. H., 'Performance Analysis of Four-Bed $H_{2}$ PSA Process Using Layered Beds,' AIChE, 46(4), 790-802(2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
133 Furuhama, S., Sakurai, T. and Shindo, M., 'Study of Evaporation Loss of Liquid-Hydrogen Storage Tank with $LH_{2}$ Pump,' Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 18(1), 25-30(1993)   DOI   ScienceOn
134 Moon, D. J. and Ryu, J. W., 'Partial Oxidation Reforming Catalyst for Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles Application,' Catal. Lett., 89(3-4), 207-212(2003)   DOI
135 2003 Annual Progress Report, 'Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program,' U.S. DOE(2003)
136 Pena, M. A., Gomez, J. P. and Fierro, J. L. G., 'New Catalytic Routes for Syngas and Hydrogen Production,' Appl. Catal. A: Gen, 144, 7-57(1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
137 http://www.eere.energy.gov
138 http://www.fuelcells.org
139 http://www.doe.gov
140 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Yoo, K. S. and Lee, B. G., 'Hydrogen Production by Autothermal Reforming Reaction of Gasoline over Ni Based Catalyst and it Applications,' Trans. of the Korea Hydrogen and New Energy Society, 15(4), 274-282(2004)
141 Moon, D. J., Ryu, J. W., Lee, B. G., Ahn, B. S. and Hong, S. I., 'High Performance Water Gas Shift Catalysts For Fuel Cell Powered Vehicles Applications,' Fuel Cell 2003, 642-645(2003)
142 http://hfcletter.com
143 Rostrup-Nielsen, J. R. and Rostrup-Nielsen, T., 'Large-Scale Hydrogen Production,' CATTECH., 6, 150(2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
144 Patt, J., Moon, D. J., Phillips, C. and Thompson, L., 'Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts for Water–Gas Shift,' Catal. Lett., 65, 193-199(2000)   DOI
145 Ma, X., Sprague, M., Sun, L. and Song, C., 'Deep Desulfurizaton of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Selective Adsorption for Fuel Cell Applications,' Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prep., 47(1), 48-49(2002)
146 Privette, R. M., 'Fuel Processing Technology,' Proceedings of the Fuel Cell Tutorial at 25th International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization and Fuel Systems(2000)