Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5714/CL.2018.28.031

Simple one-step synthesis of carbon nanoparticles from aliphatic alcohols and n-hexane by stable solution plasma process  

Park, Choon-Sang (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Kum, Dae Sub (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Kim, Jong Cheol (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University)
Shin, Jun-Goo (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Kim, Hyun-Jin (SEMES)
Jung, Eun Young (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Kim, Dong Ha (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Kim, Daseulbi (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Bae, Gyu Tae (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Kim, Jae Young (Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology)
Shin, Bhum Jae (Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University)
Tae, Heung-Sik (School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University)
Publication Information
Carbon letters / v.28, no., 2018 , pp. 31-37 More about this Journal
Abstract
This paper examines a simple one-step and catalyst-free method for synthesizing carbon nanoparticles from aliphatic alcohols and n-hexane with linear molecule formations by using a stable solution plasma process with a bipolar pulse and an external resistor. When the external resistor is adopted, it is observed that the current spikes are dramatically decreased, which induced production of a more stable discharge. Six aliphatic linear alcohols (methanol-hexanol) containing carbon with oxygen sources are studied as possible precursors for the massive production of carbon nanoparticles. Additional study is also carried out with the use of n-hexane containing many carbons without an oxygen source in order to enhance the formation of carbon nanoparticles and to eliminate unwanted oxygen effects. The obtained carbon nanoparticles are characterized with field emission-scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that with increasing carbon ratios in alcohol content, the synthesis rate of carbon nanoparticles is increased, whereas the size of the carbon nanoparticles is decreased. Moreover, the degree of graphitization of the carbon nanoparticles synthesized from 1-hexanol and n-hexane with a high carbon (C)/oxygen (O) ratio and low or no oxygen is observed to be greater than that of the carbon nanoparticles synthesized from the corresponding materials with a low C/O ratio.
Keywords
arc discharge; scanning electron microscopy; particle size; carbon precursor; carbon composites;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature, 354, 56 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1038/354056a0.   DOI
2 Ebbesen TW, Ajayan PM. Large-scale synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Nature, 358, 220 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1038/358220a0.   DOI
3 Peters G, Jansen M. A new fullerene synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, 31, 223 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.199202231.   DOI
4 Liu J, Rinzler AG, Dai H, Hafner JH, Bradley RK, Boul PJ, Lu A, Iverson T, Shelimov K, Huffman CB, et al. Fullerene pipes. Science, 280, 1253 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5367.1253.   DOI
5 Wang J, Zhu M, Outlaw RA, Zhao X, Manos DM, Holloway BC. Synthesis of carbon nanosheets by inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Carbon, 42, 2867 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.06.035.   DOI
6 Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of graphene. Nat Mater, 6, 183 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849.   DOI
7 Neto AHC, Guinea F, Peres NMR, Novoselov KS, Geim AK. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev Mod Phys, 81, 109 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.81.109.   DOI
8 Upadhyayula VKK, Deng S, Mitchell MC, Smith GB. Application of carbon nanotube technology for removal of contaminants in drinking water: a review. Sci Total Environ, 408, 1 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.027.   DOI
9 de las Casas C, Li W. A review of application of carbon nanotubes for lithium ion battery anode material. J Power Sources, 208, 74 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.013.   DOI
10 Bekyarova E, Hanzawa Y, Kaneko K, Silvestre-Albero J, Sepulveda- Escribano A, Rodriguez-Reinoso F, Kasuya D, Yudasaka M, Iijima S. Cluster-mediated filling of water vapor in intratube and interstitial nanospaces of single-wall carbon nanohorns. Chem Phys Lett, 366, 463 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(02)01476-8.   DOI
11 Fronczak M, Fazekas P, Karoly Z, Hamankiewicz B, Bystrzejewski M. Continuous and catalyst free synthesis of graphene sheets in thermal plasma jet. Chem Eng J, 322, 385 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.051.   DOI
12 Kim DH, Kim HJ, Park CS, Shin BJ, Seo JH, Tae HS. Atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization using double grounded electrodes with He/Ar mixture. AIP Adv, 5, 097137 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4931036.   DOI
13 Nishide D, Kataura H, Suzuki S, Okubo S, Achiba Y. Growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes from ethanol vapor on cobalt particles produced by pulsed laser vaporization. Chem Phys Lett, 392, 309 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.04.119.   DOI
14 Park CS, Kim DH, Shin BJ, Kim DY, Lee HK, Tae HS. conductive polymer synthesis with single-crystallinity via a novel plasma polymerization technique for gas sensor applications. Materials, 9, 812 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100812.   DOI
15 Park SJ, Lee DG. Development of CNT-metal-filters by direct growth of carbon nanotubes. Curr Appl Phys, 6, e182 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2006.01.035.   DOI
16 Park CS, Kim DY, Kim DH, Lee HK, Shin BJ, Tae HS. Humidity-independent conducting polyaniline films synthesized using advanced atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization with in-situ iodine doping. Appl Phys Lett, 110, 033502 (2017).   DOI
17 Park CS, Jung EY, Kim DH, Kim DY, Lee HK, Shin BJ, Lee DH, Tae HS. Atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization synthesis and characterization of polyaniline films doped with and without iodine. Materials, 10, 1272 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10111272.   DOI
18 Pol VG, Motiei M, Gedanken A, Calderon-Moreno J, Yoshimura M. Carbon spherules: synthesis, properties and mechanistic elucidation. Carbon, 42, 111 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.005.   DOI
19 Pol VG, Pol SV, Moreno JMC, Gedanken A. High yield one-step synthesis of carbon spheres produced by dissociating individual hydrocarbons at their autogenic pressure at low temperatures. Carbon, 44, 3285 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.06.023.   DOI
20 Park D, Kim YH, Lee JK. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes on metallic substrates by a sequential combination of PECVD and thermal CVD. Carbon, 41, 1025 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(02)00432-3.   DOI
21 Lieberman MA, Lichtenberg AJ, Principles of Plasma Discharges and Materials Processing, Wiley, New York, 800 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/0471724254.
22 Langmuir I. Oscillations in ionized gases. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 14, 627 (1928). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.14.8.627.   DOI
23 Morishita T, Ueno T, Panomsuwan G, Hieda J, Yoshida A, Bratescu MA, Saito N. Fastest formation routes of nanocarbons in solution plasma processes. Sci Rep, 6, 36880 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36880.   DOI
24 Gerhard-Multhaupt R, Gross B, Sessler GM. Recent Progress in Electret Research. In: Sessler GM, ed. Electrets, Springer, Berlin, 383 (2005).
25 Chen Q, Li J, Li Y. A review of plasma-liquid interactions for nanomaterial synthesis. J Phys D Appl Phys, 48, 424005 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/42/424005.   DOI
26 Hagino T, Kondo H, Ishikawa K, Kano H, Sekine M, Hori M. Ultrahigh-speed synthesis of nanographene using alcohol inliquid plasma. Appl Phys Express, 5, 035101 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1143/apex.5.035101.   DOI
27 Xu C, Wang X, Zhu J. Graphene-metal particle nanocomposites. J Phys Chem C, 112, 19841 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp807989b.   DOI
28 Hou B, Wang X, Wang J, Yao J, Zhang H, Yu W, Liu G, Dong X, Wang L. In situ synthesis of homogeneous $Ce_2S_3/MoS_2$ composites and their electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries. RCS Adv, 7, 6309 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra28352g.
29 Joshi RP, Kolb JF, Xiao S, Schoenbach KH. Aspects of plasma in water: streamer physics and applications. Plasma Processes Polym, 6, 763 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.200900022.   DOI
30 Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov KS, Roth S, et al. Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys Rev Lett, 97, 187401 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.97.187401.   DOI
31 Xie Q, Zhao C, Hu Z, Huang Q, Chen C, Liu K. $LaPO_4$-coated $Li_{1.2}Mn_{0.56}Ni_{0.16}Co_{0.08}O_2$ as a cathode material with enhanced coulombic efficiency and rate capability for lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv, 5, 77324 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra13233a.   DOI
32 Tian L, Ghosh D, Chen W, Pradhan S, Chang X, Chen S. Nanosized carbon particles from natural gas soot. Chem Mater, 21, 2803 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm900709w.   DOI
33 Zhu C, Guo S, Fang Y, Dong S. Reducing sugar: new functional molecules for the green synthesis of graphene nanosheets. ACS Nano, 4, 2429 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1002387.   DOI
34 Kuila T, Khanra P, Bose S, Kim NH, Ku BC, Moon B, Lee JH. Preparation of water-dispersible graphene by facile surface modification of graphite oxide. Nanotechnology, 22, 305710 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/30/305710.   DOI
35 Moon IK, Lee J, Ruoff RS, Lee H. Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization. Nat Commun, 1, 73 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1067.   DOI
36 Li D, Müller MB, Gilje S, Kaner RB, Wallace GG. Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets. Nat Nanotechnol, 3, 101 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2007.451.   DOI