Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5714/CL.2012.13.1.001

Synthesis and applications of graphene electrodes  

Shin, Dolly (Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT) and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University)
Bae, Su-Kang (Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT) and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University)
Yan, Chao (Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT) and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University)
Kang, Jun-Mo (Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT) and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University)
Ryu, Jae-Chul (Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT) and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University)
Ahn, Jong-Hyun (Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT) and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University)
Hong, Byung-Hee (Center for Human Interface Nano Technology (HINT) and SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University)
Publication Information
Carbon letters / v.13, no.1, 2012 , pp. 1-16 More about this Journal
Abstract
The near explosion of attention given to graphene has attracted many to its research field. As new studies and findings about graphene synthesis, properties, electronic quality control, and possible applications simultaneous burgeon in the scientific community, it is quite hard to grasp the breadth of graphene history. At this stage, graphene's many fascinating qualities have been amply reported and its potential for various electronic applications are increasing, pulling in ever more newcomers to the field of graphene. Thus it has become important as a community to have an equal understanding of how this material was discovered, why it is stirring up the scientific community and what sort of progress has been made and for what purposes. Since the first discovery, the hype has expediently led to near accomplishment of industrial-sized production of graphene. This review covers the progress and development of synthesis and transfer techniques with an emphasis on the most recent technique of chemical vapor deposition, and explores the potential applications of graphene that are made possible with the improved synthesis and transfer.
Keywords
graphene; graphene synthesis; graphene applications; overview of graphene research development;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Peierls RE. Quelques proprieties typiques des corpses solides. Ann I H Poincare, 5, 177 (1935).
2 Landau LD. Zur Theorie der phasenumwandlungen II. Phys Z Sowjetunion, 11, 26 (1937).
3 Geim AK, Novoselov KS. The rise of graphene. Nature Mater, 6, 183 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV, Firsov AA. Electric field in atomically thin carbon films. Science, 306, 666 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/ science.1102896.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Mohanty N, Berry V. Graphene-based single-bacterium resolution biodevice and DNA transistor: interfacing graphene derivatives with nanoscale and microscale biocomponents. Nano Lett, 8, 4469 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl802412n.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Bunch JS, Verbridge SS, Alden JS, Van Der Zande AM, Parpia JM, Craighead HG, McEuen PL. Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets. Nano Lett, 8, 2458 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl801457b.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Wang Y, Yang R, Shi Z, Zhang L, Shi D, Wang E, Zhang G. Super- elastic graphene ripples for flexible strain sensors. ACS Nano, 5, 3645 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn103523t.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Cho J, Gao L, Tian J, Cao H, Wu W, Yu Q, Yitamben EN, Fisher B, Guest JR, Chen YP, Guisinger NP. Atomic-scale investigation of graphene grown on Cu foil and the effects of thermal annealing. ACS Nano, 5, 3607 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn103338g.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Reddy KM, Gledhill AD, Chen CH, Drexler JM, Padture NP. High quality, transferrable graphene grown on single crystal Cu(111) thin films on basal-plane sapphire. Appl Phys Lett, 98, 113117 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3569143.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Chen S, Brown L, Levendorf M, Cai W, Ju SY, Edgeworth J, Li X, Magnuson CW, Velamakanni A, Piner RD, Kang J, Park J, Ruoff RS. Oxidation resistance of graphene-coated Cu and Cu/Ni alloy. ACS Nano, 5, 1321 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn103028d.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Compton OC, Kim S, Pierre C, Torkelson JM, Nguyen ST. Crumpled graphene nanosheets as highly effective barrier property enhancers. Adv Mater, 22, 4759 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201000960.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Nayak TR, Andersen H, Makam VS, Khaw C, Bae S, Xu X, Ee PLR, Ahn JH, Hong BH, Pastorin G, Ozyilmaz B. Graphene for controlled and accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. ACS Nano, 5, 4670 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn200500h.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Becerril HA, Stoltenberg RM, Tang ML, Roberts ME, Liu Z, Chen Y, Kim DH, Lee BL, Lee S, Bao Z. Fabrication and evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide electrodes for p- and n-channel bottom-contact organic thin-film transistors. ACS Nano, 4, 6343 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn101369j.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Kim BJ, Jang H, Lee SK, Hong BH, Ahn JH, Cho JH. High-performance flexible graphene field effect transistors with ion gel gate dielectrics. Nano Lett, 10, 3464 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl101559n.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Stoller MD, Park S, Yanwu Z, An J, Ruoff RS. Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett, 8, 3498 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl802558y.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Lee SK, Kim BJ, Jang H, Yoon SC, Lee C, Hong BH, Rogers JA, Cho JH, Ahn JH. Stretchable graphene transistors with printed dielectrics and gate electrodes. Nano Lett, 11, 4642 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202134z.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Kim RH, Bae MH, Kim DG, Cheng H, Kim BH, Kim DH, Li M, Wu J, Du F, Kim HS, Kim S, Estrada D, Hong SW, Huang Y, Pop E, Rogers JA. Stretchable, transparent graphene interconnects for arrays of microscale inorganic light emitting diodes on rubber substrates. Nano Lett, 11, 3881 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl202000u.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Wang Y, Shi Z, Huang Y, Ma Y, Wang C, Chen M, Chen Y. Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials. J Phys Chem C, 113, 13103 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp902214f.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Yoo JJ, Balakrishnan K, Huang J, Meunier V, Sumpter BG, Srivastava A, Conway M, Mohana Reddy AL, Yu J, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM. Ultrathin planar graphene supercapacitors. Nano Lett, 11, 1423 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl200225j.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Zhu SE, Shabani R, Rho J, Kim Y, Hong BH, Ahn JH, Cho HJ. Graphene-based bimorph microactuators. Nano Lett, 11, 977 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl103618e.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Rogers GW, Liu JZ. Graphene actuators: quantum-mechanical and electrostatic double-layer effects. J Am Chem Soc, 133, 10858 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja201887r.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Gomez De Arco L, Zhang Y, Schlenker CW, Ryu K, Thompson ME, Zhou C. Continuous, highly flexible, and transparent graphene films by chemical vapor deposition for organic photovoltaics. ACS Nano, 4, 2865 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn901587x.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Li SS, Tu KH, Lin CC, Chen CW, Chhowalla M. Solution-processable graphene oxide as an efficient hole transport layer in polymer solar cells. ACS Nano, 4, 3169 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn100551j.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Necliudov PV, Shur MS, Gundlach DJ, Jackson TN. Contact resistance extraction in pentacene thin film transistors. Solid- State Electron, 47, 259 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1101(02)00204-6.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Jang S, Jang H, Lee Y, Suh D, Baik S, Hee Hong B, Ahn JH. Flexible, transparent single-walled carbon nanotube transistors with grapheme electrodes. Nanotechnology, 21, 425201 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/42/425201.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Lee WH, Park J, Sim SH, Jo SB, Kim KS, Hong BH, Cho K. Transparent flexible organic transistors based on monolayer graphene electrodes on plastic. Adv Mater, 23, 1752 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201004099.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Gundlach DJ, Zhou L, Nichols JA, Jackson TN, Necliudov PV, Shur MS. An experimental study of contact effects in organic thin film transistors. J Appl Phys, 100, 024509 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2215132.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Blanchet GB, Fincher CR, Lefenfeld M, Rogers JA. Contact resistance in organic thin film transistors. Appl Phys Lett, 84, 296 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639937.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Ihm K, Lim JT, Lee KJ, Kwon JW, Kang TH, Chung S, Bae S, Kim JH, Hong BH, Yeom GY. Number of graphene layers as a modulator of the open-circuit voltage of graphene-based solar cell. Appl Phys Lett, 97, 0321133 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3464319.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Sukhdeo D. Large-area chemical vapor deposition of graphene over thin films of cobalt. The 2009 NNIN REU Research Accomplishments, National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network, 100 (2009).
31 Liu X, Fu L, Liu N, Gao T, Zhang Y, Liao L, Liu Z. Segregation growth of graphene on Cu-Ni alloy for precise layer control. J Phys Chem C, 115, 11976 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp202933u.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Jo G, Choe M, Cho CY, Kim JH, Park W, Lee S, Hong WK, Kim TW, Park SJ, Hong BH, Kahng YH, Lee T. Large-scale patterned multi-layer graphene films as transparent conducting electrodes for GaN light-emitting diodes. Nanotechnology, 21, 175201 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/17/175201.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Wu J, Agrawal M, Becerril HA, Bao Z, Liu Z, Chen Y, Peumans P. Organic light-emitting diodes on solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes. ACS Nano, 4, 43 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900728d.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Chang H, Wang G, Yang A, Tao X, Liu X, Shen Y, Zheng Z. A transparent, flexible, low-temperature, and solution-processible graphene composite electrode. Adv Funct Mater, 20, 2893 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201000900.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Sun T, Wang ZL, Shi ZJ, Ran GZ, Xu WJ, Wang ZY, Li YZ, Dai L, Qin GG. Multilayered graphene used as anode of organic light emitting devices. Appl Phys Lett, 96, 133301 (2010). http://dx.doi. org/10.1063/1.3373855.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Wang Y, Tong SW, Xu XF, Ozyilmaz B, Loh KP. Interface engineering of layer-by-layer stacked graphene anodes for high-performance organic solar cells. Adv Mater, 23, 1514 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003673.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Wang X, Zhi L, Mullen K. Transparent, conductive graphene electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett, 8, 323 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl072838r.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Zhang W, Wu P, Li Z, Yang J. First-principles thermodynamics of graphene growth on Cu surfaces. J Phys Chem C, 115, 17782 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp2006827.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Li X, Magnuson CW, Venugopal A, Tromp RM, Hannon JB, Vogel EM, Colombo L, Ruoff RS. Large-area graphene single crystals grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of methane on copper. J Am Chem Soc, 133, 2816 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja109793s.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Vlassiouk I, Regmi M, Fulvio P, Dai S, Datskos P, Eres G, Smirnov S. Role of hydrogen in chemical vapor deposition growth of large single-crystal graphene. ACS Nano, 5, 6069 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn201978y.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Yu Q, Jauregui LA, Wu W, Colby R, Tian J, Su Z, Cao H, Liu Z, Pandey D, Wei D, Chung TF, Peng P, Guisinger NP, Stach EA, Bao J, Pei SS, Chen YP. Control and characterization of individual grains and grain boundaries in graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition. Nature Mater, 10, 443 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3010.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Sun Z, Yan Z, Yao J, Beitler E, Zhu Y, Tour JM. Growth of graphene from solid carbon sources. Nature, 468, 549 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09579.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Kondo D, Sato S, Yagi K, Harada N, Sato M, Nihei M, Yokoyama N. Low-temperature synthesis of graphene and fabrication of top-gated field effect transistors without using transfer processes. Appl Phys Express, 3, 025102 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/apex.3.025102.   DOI
44 Yao Y, Li Z, Lin Z, Moon KS, Agar J, Wong C. Controlled growth of multilayer, few-layer, and single-layer graphene on metal substrates. J Phys Chem C, 115, 5232 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/apex.3.025102.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 Ago H, Ito Y, Mizuta N, Yoshida K, Hu B, Orofeo CM, Tsuji M, Ikeda KI, Mizuno S. Epitaxial chemical vapor deposition growth of single-layer graphene over cobalt film crystallized on sapphire. ACS Nano, 4, 7407 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn102519b.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Bhaviripudi S, Jia X, Dresselhaus MS, Kong J. Role of kinetic factors in chemical vapor deposition synthesis of uniform large area graphene using copper catalyst. Nano Lett, 10, 4128 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl102355e.   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Li X, Zhu Y, Cai W, Borysiak M, Han B, Chen D, Piner RD, Colomba L, Ruoff RS. Transfer of large-area graphene films for high- performance transparent conductive electrodes. Nano Lett, 9, 4359 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl902623y.   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Dresselhaus MS, Jorio A, Hofmann M, Dresselhaus G, Saito R. Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. Nano Lett, 10, 751 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl904286r.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov KS, Roth S, Geim AK. Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys Rev Lett, 97, 187401 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401.   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Cancado LG, Jorio A, Ferreira EHM, Stavale F, Achete CA, Capaz RB, Moutinho MVO, Lombardo A, Kulmala TS, Ferrari AC. Quantifying defects in graphene via Raman spectroscopy at different excitation energies. Nano Lett, 11, 3190 (2011). http://dx.doi. org/10.1021/nl201432g.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Molitor F, Graf D, Stampfer C, Ihn T, Ensslin K. Raman imaging and electronic properties of graphene. Adv Solid State Phys, 47, 171 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74325-5_14.   DOI
52 Lee Y, Bae S, Jang H, Jang S, Zhu SE, Sim SH, Song YI, Hong BH, Ahn JH. Wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of graphene films. Nano Lett, 10, 490 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl903272n.   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Bae S, Kim H, Lee Y, Xu X, Park JS, Zheng Y, Balakrishnan J, Lei T, Ri Kim H, Song YI, Kim YJ, Kim KS, Ozyilmaz B, Ahn JH, Hong BH, Iijima S. Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes. Nature Nanotechnol, 5, 574 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2010.132.   DOI
54 Reina A, Jia X, Ho J, Nezich D, Son H, Bulovic V, Dresselhaus MS, Jing K. Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett, 9, 30 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl801827v.   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Yu Q, Lian J, Siriponglert S, Li H, Chen YP, Pei SS. Graphene segregated on Ni surfaces and transferred to insulators. Appl Phys Lett, 93, 113103 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2982585.   DOI   ScienceOn
56 Li X, Cai W, Colombo L, Ruoff RS. Evolution of graphene growth on Ni and Cu by carbon isotope labeling. Nano Lett, 9, 4268 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl902515k.   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Kim J, Ishihara M, Koga Y, Tsugawa K, Hasegawa M, Iijima S. Low-temperature synthesis of large-area graphene-based transparent conductive films using surface wave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Appl Phys Lett, 98, 091502 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3561747.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Reina A, Thiele S, Jia X, Bhaviripudi S, Dresselhaus M, Schaefer J, Kong J. Growth of large-area single- and Bi-layer graphene by controlled carbon precipitation on polycrystalline Ni surfaces. Nano Res, 2, 509 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-009-9059-y.   DOI
59 Kim KS, Zhao Y, Jang H, Lee SY, Kim JM, Ahn JH, Kim P, Choi JY, Hong BH. Large-scale pattern growth of graphene films for stretchable transparent electrodes. Nature, 457, 706 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07719.   DOI   ScienceOn
60 Li X, Magnuson CW, Venugopal A, An J, Suk JW, Han B, Borysiak M, Cai W, Velamakanni A, Zhu Y, Fu L, Vogel EM, Voelkl E, Colombo L, Ruoff RS. Graphene films with large domain size by a two-step chemical vapor deposition process. Nano Lett, 10, 4328 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl101629g.   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Li X, Cai W, An J, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D, Piner R, Velamakanni A, Jung I, Tutuc E, Banerjee SK, Colombo L, Ruoff RS. Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science, 324, 1312 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1171245.   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Unarunotai S, Koepke JC, Tsai CL, Du F, Chialvo CE, Murata Y, Haasch R, Petrov I, Mason N, Shim M, Lyding J, Rogers JA. Layer-by-layer transfer of multiple, large area sheets of graphene grown in multilayer stacks on a single SiC wafer. ACS Nano, 4, 5591 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn101896a.   DOI   ScienceOn
63 Vaari J, Lahtinen J, Hautojarvi P. The adsorption and decomposition of acetylene on clean and K-covered Co(0001). Catal Lett, 44, 43 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018972924563.   DOI
64 Coraux J, N'Diaye AT, Busse C, Michely T. Structural coherency of graphene on Ir(111). Nano Lett, 8, 565 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0728874.   DOI   ScienceOn
65 Ueta H, Saida M, Nakai C, Yamada Y, Sasaki M, Yamamoto S. Highly oriented monolayer graphite formation on Pt(1 1 1) by a supersonic methane beam. Surf Sci, 560, 183 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.04.039.   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Starr DE, Pazhetnov EM, Stadnichenko AI, Boronin AI, Shaikhutdinov SK. Carbon films grown on Pt(1 1 1) as supports for model gold catalysts. Surf Sci, 600, 2688 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2006.04.035.   DOI   ScienceOn
67 Gall NR, Rut'kov EV, Tontegode AY. Interaction of silver atoms with iridium and with a two-dimensional graphite film on iridium: adsorption, desorption, and dissolution. Phys Solid State, 46, 371 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1649439.   DOI
68 Vazquez De Parga AL, Calleja F, Borca B, Passeggi MCG, Hinarejos JJ, Guinea F, Miranda R. Periodically rippled graphene: growth and spatially resolved electronic structure. Phys Rev Lett, 100, 056807 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.056807.   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Marchini S, Gunther S, Wintterlin J. Scanning tunneling microscopy of graphene on Ru(0001). Phys Rev B, 76, 075429 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.075429.   DOI   ScienceOn
70 Tung RT, Gibson JM, Poate JM. Formation of ultrathin dingle- crystal silicide films on Si: surface and interfacial stabilization of Si-NiSi2 epitaxial structures. Phys Rev Lett, 50, 429 (1983). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.429.   DOI
71 Edman L, Sundqvist B, McRae E, Litvin-Staszewska E. Electrical resistivity of single-crystal graphite under pressure: an anisotropic three-dimensional semimetal. Phys Rev B, 57, 6227 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.57.6227.   DOI
72 Lee DS, Riedl C, Krauss B, Klitzing KV, Starke U, Smet JH. Raman spectra of epitaxial graphene on SiC and of epitaxial graphene transferred to SiO2. Nano Lett, 8, 4320 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl802156w.   DOI   ScienceOn
73 Binns C, Baker SH, Demangeat C, Parlebas JC. Growth, electronic, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of transition metals on graphite. Surf Sci Rep, 34, 107 (1999). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(99)00004-7.   DOI   ScienceOn
74 Kopelevich Y, Esquinazi P, Torres JHS, Moehlecke S. Ferromagnetic- and superconducting-like behavior of graphite. J Low Temp Phys, 119, 691 (2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004637814008.   DOI   ScienceOn
75 Berger C, Song Z, Li T, Li X, Ogbazghi AY, Feng R, Dai Z, Alexei N, Conrad MEH, First PN, De Heer WA. Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics. J Phys Chem B, 108, 19912 (2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp040650f.   DOI   ScienceOn
76 Unarunotai S, Murata Y, Chialvo CE, Kim HS, MacLaren S, Mason N, Petrov I, Rogers JA. Transfer of graphene layers grown on SiC wafers to other substrates and their integration into field effect transistors. Appl Phys Lett, 95, 202101 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3263942.   DOI   ScienceOn
77 Caldwell JD, Anderson TJ, Culbertson JC, Jernigan GG, Hobart KD, Kub FJ, Tadjer MJ, Tedesco JL, Hite JK, Mastro MA, Myers- Ward RL, Eddy Jr CR, Campbell PM, Gaskill DK. Technique for the dry transfer of epitaxial graphene onto arbitrary substrates. ACS Nano, 4, 1108 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn901585p.   DOI   ScienceOn
78 Dikin DA, Stankovich S, Zimney EJ, Piner RD, Dommett GHB, Evmenenko G, Nguyen ST, Ruoff RS. Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper. Nature, 448, 457 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06016.   DOI   ScienceOn
79 Park S, Lee KS, Bozoklu G, Cai W, Nguyen SBT, Ruoff RS. Graphene oxide papers modified by divalent ions--enhancing mechanical properties via chemical cross-linking. ACS Nano, 2, 572 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn700349a.   DOI   ScienceOn
80 Kumar A, Reddy ALM, Mukherjee A, Dubey M, Zhan X, Singh N, Ci L, Billups WE, Nagurny J, Mital G, Ajayan PM. Direct synthesis of lithium-intercalated graphene for electrochemical energy storage application. ACS Nano, 5, 4345 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn201527p.   DOI   ScienceOn
81 Zhu Y, Murali S, Stoller MD, Velamakanni A, Piner RD, Ruoff RS. Microwave assisted exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide for ultracapacitors. Carbon, 48, 2118 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.02.001.   DOI   ScienceOn
82 Murugan AV, Muraliganth T, Manthiram A. Rapid, facile microwave- solvothermal synthesis of graphene nanosheets and their polyaniline nanocomposites for energy strorage. Chem Mater, 21, 5004 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm902413c.   DOI   ScienceOn
83 Long J, Fang M, Chen G. Microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of water-soluble graphene. J Mater Chem, 21, 10421 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm04564k.   DOI   ScienceOn
84 Charrier A, Coati A, Argunova T, Thibaudau F, Garreau Y, Pinchaux R, Forbeaux I, Debever JM, Sauvage-Simkin M, Themlin JM. Solid-state decomposition of silicon carbide for growing ultra-thin heteroepitaxial graphite films. J Appl Phys, 92, 2479 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1498962.   DOI   ScienceOn
85 Forbeaux I, Themlin JM, Debever JM. Heteroepitaxial graphite on 6H-SiC(0001): Interface formation through conduction-band electronic structure. Phys Rev B, 58, 16396 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.58.16396.   DOI
86 Novoselov KS, Jiang D, Schedin F, Booth TJ, Khotkevich VV, Morozov SV, Geim AK. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 10451 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0502848102.   DOI   ScienceOn
87 Bolotin KI, Sikes KJ, Jiang Z, Klima M, Fudenberg G, Hone J, Kim P, Stormer HL. Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene. Solid State Commun, 146, 351 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024.   DOI   ScienceOn
88 Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J. Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science, 321, 385 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1157996.   DOI   ScienceOn
89 Morozov SV, Novoselov KS, Katsnelson MI, Schedin F, Elias DC, Jaszczak JA, Geim AK. Giant intrinsic carrier mobilities in graphene and its bilayer. Phys Rev Lett, 100, 016602 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.016602.   DOI   ScienceOn
90 Balandin AA, Ghosh S, Bao W, Calizo I, Teweldebrhan D, Miao F, Lau CN. Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene. Nano Lett, 8, 902 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0731872.   DOI   ScienceOn
91 Zhu Y, Murali S, Cai W, Li X, Suk JW, Potts JR, Ruoff RS. Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Mater, 22, 3906 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201001068.   DOI   ScienceOn
92 Zhang Y, Small JP, Pontius WV, Kim P. Fabrication and electric-field-dependent transport measurements of mesoscopic graphite devices. Appl Phys Lett, 86, 073104 (2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1862334.   DOI   ScienceOn
93 Geim AK. Graphene: status and prospects. Science, 324, 1530 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1158877.   DOI   ScienceOn
94 Park S, Ruoff RS. Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nature Nanotechnol, 4, 217 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.58.   DOI   ScienceOn