Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2020.38.2.271

Comparison study of dermal cell toxicity and zebrafish brain toxicity by humidifier sterilizer chemicals (PHMG, PGH, CMIT/MIT)  

Cho, Kyung-Hyun (LipoLab, Department of Medical Biotech, Yeungnam University)
Kim, Jae-Ryong (Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Environmental Biology / v.38, no.2, 2020 , pp. 271-277 More about this Journal
Abstract
Toxicities to many organs caused by humidifier disinfectants have been reported. Recently, humidifier disinfectants have been reported to cause cardiovascular, embryonic, and hepatic toxicities. This study was designed to investigate the toxic mechanism of humidifier disinfectants and compare toxicity in a cellular model and a zebrafish animal model. Because brain toxicity and skin toxicity have been less studied than other organs, we evaluated toxicity in a human dermal cell line and zebrafish under various concentrations of humidifier disinfectants that included polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG), oligo-[2-(2-ethoxy)-ethoxyethyl-guanidinium-chloride] (PGH) and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT). A human dermal fibroblast cell line was treated with disinfectants (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 16 mg L-1) to compare their cytotoxicity. The fewest PHMG-treated cells survived (up to 33%), while 49% and 40% of the PGH- and CMIT/MIT-treated cells, respectively, survived. The quantification of oxidized species in the media revealed that the PHMG-treated cells had the highest MDA content of around 28 nM, while the PGH- and CMIT/MIT-treated cells had 13 and 21 nM MDA, respectively. As for brain toxicity, treatment of the zebrafish tank water with CMIT/MIT (final 40 mg L-1) for 30 min resulted in a 17-fold higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than in the control. Treatment with PGH or PHMG (final 40 mg L-1) resulted in 15- and 11-fold higher production, respectively. The humidifier disinfectants (PHMG, PGH, and CMIT/MIT) showed severe dermal cell toxicity and brain toxicity. These toxicities may be relevant factors in understanding why some children have language disorders, motor delays, and developmental delays from exposure to humidifier disinfectants.
Keywords
humidifier disinfectants; brain toxicity; skin toxicity; PHMG; PGH; CMIT/MIT; zebrafish;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Blois MS. 1958. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 181:1199-1200.   DOI
2 Buxbaum A, C Kratzer, W Graninger and A Georgopoulos. 2006. Antimicrobial and toxicological profile of the new biocide Akacid Plus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58:193-197   DOI
3 Cho KH. 2011. Enhanced delivery of rapamycin by V156K-apoA-I high-density lipoprotein inhibits cellular proatherogenic effects and senescence and promotes tissue regeneration. J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 66:1274-1285.   DOI
4 Choi YJ and MS Jeon. 2020. How business interests and government inaction led to the humidifier disinfectant disaster in South Korea: Implications for better risk governance. Risk Anal. 40:240-253.   DOI
5 Gorelick DA, W Watson and ME Halpern. 2008. Androgen receptor gene expression in the developing and adult zebrafish brain. Dev. Dyn. 237:2987-2995.   DOI
6 Itahana K, J Campisi and GP Dimri. 2007. Methods to detect biomarkers of cellular senescence: The senescence-associated beta-galactosidase assay. Methods Mol. Biol. 371:21-31.   DOI
7 Kim JY, HH Kim and KH Cho. 2013. Acute cardiovascular toxicity of sterilizers, PHMG, and PGH: severe inflammation in human cells and heart failure in zebrafish. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 13:148-160.   DOI
8 Kim H and K Ji. 2019. Exposure to humidifier disinfectants induces developmental effects and disrupts thyroid endocrine systems in zebrafish larvae. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 184:109663.   DOI
9 Kim SS, SH Im, JY Yang, YR Lee, GR Kim, JS Chae, DS Shin, JS Song, S Ahn, BH Lee, JC Woo, JH Ahn, CS Yun, P Kim, HR Kim, KR Lee and MA Bae. 2017. Zebrafish as a screening model for testing the permeability of blood-brain barrier to small molecules. Zebrafish 14:322-330.   DOI
10 Kim YH. 2013. Humidifier disinfectant: 78 deaths and still in progress. Iran. J. Public Health 42:113.
11 Koh TH, JT Park, D Kwon and K Kwak. 2020. Association between use of humidifier disinfectant and allergic rhinitis in Korean children: a cross-sectional study based on the eighth Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). Ann. Occup. Environ. Med. 32:e9.   DOI
12 Leem JH and JH Lee. 2017. Humidifier disinfectant-associated specific diseases should be called together as "humidifier disinfectant syndrome". Environ. Health Toxicol. 32:e2017017.   DOI
13 Owusu-Ansah E, A Yavari, S Mandal and U Banerjee. 2008. Distinct mitochondrial retrograde signals control the G1-S cell cycle checkpoint. Nat. Genet. 40:356-361.   DOI
14 Lundov MD, C Zachariae and JD Johansen. 2011. Methylisothiazolinone contact allergy and dose-response relationships. Contact Dermatitis 64:330-336.   DOI
15 Marachlian E, L Avitan, GJ Goodhill and G Sumbre. 2018. Principles of functional circuit connectivity: Insights from spontaneous activity in the zebrafish optic tectum. Front. Neural Circuits 12:46.   DOI
16 Nusslein-Volhard C and R Dahm. 2002. Zebrafish: A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
17 Park EJ, JS Han, E Seong, EJ Park, BS Lee, SJ Lee and K Lee. 2020. Inhaled Kathon may induce eosinophilia-mediated disease in the lung. Environ. Toxicol. 35:27-36.   DOI
18 Park J, H Lee and K Park. 2019. Eye irritation tests of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) and chloromethylisothiazolinone/ methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT) using a tissue model of reconstructed human cornea-like epithelium. Environ. Health Toxicol. 34:e2019004.   DOI
19 Yon DK, SW Lee, A Woo, HY Koh, HM Jee, EK Ha, KJ Lee, YH Shin and MY Han. 2020. Exposure to humidifier disinfectants is associated with upper and lower airway diseases. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. doi: 10.1111/pai.13233.