Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.19066/cogsci.2021.32.2.002

The Effects of Adolescents' Online Game Character Status Comparison on their Subjective Happiness Change  

Lee, Guk-Hee (Division of General Studies, Kyonggi University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Cognitive Science / v.32, no.2, 2021 , pp. 75-98 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to confirm whether adolescents with a tendency to compare online game positions are unhappier than their peers who do not. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to compare the status of their game character with the game world average (below, equal, or above average), and were then measured on their changes in happiness (changes before and after the participant's status comparison). In Experiment 2, participants compared the status of their game character with a person they knew (whether it was lower or higher than their acquaintance), and were then measured on their subjective changes in happiness. In Experiment 3, participants were told that the status of their game character was lower/higher than the average, and were either presented or not presented with the information that their acquaintance's character held a lower/higher position. The subjective happiness level of the two groups was then measured. As a result, Experiment 1 confirmed that adolescents with generally low subjective happiness were unhappier when their game position was lower than the average and were happier when their game position was higher than the average. However, it was found that the happiness level of adolescents with generally high subjective happiness did not significantly change. Experiment 2 observed that adolescents with generally low subjective happiness were unhappier when their game position was lower than others in the game world and were happier when their game position was higher than others. However, this was not true for adolescents with generally high subjective happiness. Experiment 3 showed that adolescents with generally low subjective happiness were unhappier when someone else had a higher game position than themselves and were happier when someone else had a lower game position than themselves, regardless of their status in either situation. However, a significant change was not detected among adolescents with generally high subjective happiness. As a rare study confirming the effects of social status comparison on happiness in the virtual world, this study is noteworthy.
Keywords
Online Game; Social Comparison; Cyberspace; Youth; Happiness;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Austin, P. C., & Brunner, L. J. (2003). Type I error inflation in the presence of a ceiling effect. The American Statistician, 57(2), 97-104.   DOI
2 Buunk, B. P., Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E., Van Yperen, N. W., & Dakof, G. A. (1990). The affective consequences of social comparison: either direction has its ups and downs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1238-1249.   DOI
3 Choi, J., Cho, H., Lee, S., Kim, J., & Park, E. C. (2018). Effect of the online game shutdown policy on internet use, internet addiction, and sleeping hours in Korean adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(5), 548-555.   DOI
4 Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (1989). Effects of upward and downward social comparison on mood states. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8(1), 14-31.   DOI
5 Hobza, C. L., Walker, K. E., Yakushko, O., & Peugh, J. L. (2007). What about men? Social comparison and the effects of media images on body and self-esteem. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(3), 161-172.   DOI
6 Paterson, L., McKenzie, K., & Lindsay, B. (2012). Stigma, social comparison and self-esteem in adults with an intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 25(2), 166-176.   DOI
7 Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206-222.   DOI
8 Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2004). Ego threat elicits different social comparison processes among high and low self-esteem people: Implications for interpersonal perceptions. Social Cognition, 22(1), 168-191.   DOI
9 Alfasi, Y. (2019). The grass is always greener on my Friends' profiles: The effect of Facebook social comparison on state self-esteem and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 111-117.   DOI
10 Bergagna, E., & Tartaglia, S. (2018). Self-Esteem, Social Comparison, and Facebook Use. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 14(4), 831-845.   DOI
11 Cramer, E. M., Song, H., & Drent, A. M. (2016). Social comparison on Facebook: Motivation, affective consequences, self-esteem, and Facebook fatigue. Computers in Human Behavior, 64, 739-746.   DOI
12 Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137-155.   DOI
13 Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 159-163.   DOI
14 White, J. B., Langer, E. J., Yariv, L., & Welch, J. C. (2006). Frequent social comparisons and destructive emotions and behaviors: The dark side of social comparisons. Journal of Adult Development, 13(1), 36-44.   DOI
15 Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1993). Effects of social comparison direction, threat, and self-esteem on affect, self-evaluation, and expected success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 708-722.   DOI
16 Wood, J. V., & Wilson, A. E. (2003). How important is social comparison? In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (p. 344-366). The Guilford Press.
17 Lyubomirsky, S., & Ross, L. (1997). Hedonic consequences of social comparison: A contrast of happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1141-1157.   DOI
18 Wood, J. V., Giordano-Beech, M., Taylor, K. L., Michela, J. L., & Gaus, V. (1994). Strategies of social comparison among people with low self-esteem: Self-protection and self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 713-731.   DOI
19 이국희 (2019). 사회적 비교와 주관적 행복의 상호작용이 직장인의 여가의도에 미치는 효과. 여가학연구, 17(3), 1-21.   DOI
20 하문선 (2017). 청소년의 생활시간 사용 종단적 변화와 가정환경, 정서행동문제 간 관계. 청소년학연구, 24(3), 25-59.