Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/JKSAS.2022.50.12.839

Review of the Sintering Technologies Using In-situ Resources for Lunar Construction and Future Works  

Ryu, Geun U (Department of Future and Smart Construction Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology)
Kim, Young-Jae (Department of Future and Smart Construction Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology)
Shin, Hyu-Soung (Department of Future and Smart Construction Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences / v.50, no.12, 2022 , pp. 839-856 More about this Journal
Abstract
Over the last decade, the competition for space development has accelerated. The world's largest space agencies are aiming toward long-term lunar exploration and manned missions. For sustainable and safe lunar exploration, construction of infrastructures that include various habitats is essential. However, transporting construction materials from Earth for lunar base construction is extremely expensive. Thus, technologies for manufacturing construction materials using in-situ resources from the moon should be advanced. The sintering techniques have been actively studied using lunar soil. In this review, five sintering technologies, including radiation, solar, spark plasma, laser, and microwave sintering, for manufacturing construction materials using lunar soil are introduced, and future research is discussed.
Keywords
Lunar Soil; Construction Materials; Conventional Sintering; Solar Sintering; Spark Plasma Sintering; Laser Sintering; Microwave Sintering;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Farries, K. W., Visintin, P., Smith, S. T. and van Eyk, P. "Sintered or melted regolith for lunar construction: state-of-the-art review and future research directions," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 296, 2021, p. 123627.   DOI
2 Goulas, A., Binner, J. G., Harris, R. A. and Friel, R. J., "Assessing extraterrestrial regolith material simulants for in-situ resource utilisation based 3D printing," Applied Materials Today, 6, 2017, pp. 54~61.   DOI
3 Balla, V. K., Roberson, L. B., O'Connor, G. W., Trigwell, S., Bose, S. and Bandyopadhyay, A., "First demonstration on direct laser fabrication of lunar regolith parts," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 18 No. 6, 2012, pp. 451~457.   DOI
4 Engelschion, V. S., Eriksson, S. R., Cowley, A., Fateri, M., Meurisse, A., Kueppers, U. and Sperl, M., "EAC-1A: A novel large-volume lunar regolith simulant," Scientific reports, Vol. 10. No. 1, 2020, pp. 1~9.   DOI
5 Schwandt, C., Hamilton, J. A., Fray, D. J. and Crawford, I. A. "The production of oxygen and metal from lunar regolith," Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 74, No. 1, 2012, pp. 49~56.   DOI
6 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "The Lunar Sample Compendium," National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2012, https://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/lsc/, June 2022.
7 Housley, R. M., Grant, R. W. and Paton, N. E., "Origin and characteristics of excess Fe metal in lunar glass welded aggregates," Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings 4, Vol. 4, 1973, pp. 2737~2749.
8 McKay, D. S., Carter, J. L., Boles, W. W., Allen, C. C. and Allton, J. H. "JSC-1: A new lunar regolith simulant," Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Vol. 24, March 1993.
9 Bonanno, A. and Bernold, L. E. "Exploratory review of sintered lunar soil based on the results of the thermal analysis of a lunar soil simulant," Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2015, p. 04014114.   DOI
10 Planetaty Simulant Database, 2022, https://simulantdb.com, June 2022.
11 Hoshino, T., Wakabayashi, S., Yoshihara, S. and Hatanaka, N. "Key Technology Development for Future Lunar Utilization-Block Production Using Lunar Regolith," Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Aerospace Technology Japan, Vol. 14, No. 30, 2016, pp. 35~40.
12 German, R. M., Suri, P. and Park, S. J. "Liquid phase sintering," Journal of materials science, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2009, pp. 1~39.   DOI
13 McKay, D. S. and Williams, R. J., "A geologic assessment of potential lunar ores," Space resources and space settlements, 1979, pp. 243~255.
14 Kanamori, H., Udagawa, S., Yoshida, T., Matsumoto, S. and Takagi, K. "Properties of lunar soil simulant manufactured in Japan," Space 98, New Mexico, April 1998, pp. 462~468.
15 Caprio, L., Demir, A. G., Previtali, B. and Colosimo, B. M., "Determining the feasible conditions for processing lunar regolith simulant via laser powder bed fusion," Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 32, 2020, p. 101029.   DOI
16 Paeng, D., Yeo, J., Lee, D., Moon, S. J. and Grigoropoulos, C. P. "Laser wavelength effect on laser-induced photo-thermal sintering of silver nanoparticles," Applied Physics A, Vol. 120, No. 4, 2015, pp. 1229~1240.   DOI
17 Goulas, A., Binner, J. G., Engstrom, D. S., Harris, R. A. and Friel, R. J. "Mechanical behaviour of additively manufactured lunar regolith simulant components," Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, Vol. 233, No. 8, 2019, pp. 1629~1644.   DOI
18 Reitz, B., Lotz, C., Gerdes, N., Linke, S., Olsen, E., Pflieger, K., Sphrt, S., Ernst, M., Taschner, P., Neumann, J., Stoll, E. and Overmeyer, L., "Additive manufacturing under lunar gravity and microgravity," Microgravity Science and Technology, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2021, pp. 1~12.   DOI
19 Neumann, J., Ernst, M., Taschner, P., Gerdes, N., Stapperfens, S., Linke, S., Lotz, C., Koch, J., Wesesels, P., Stoll, E., Overmeyer, L. and Overmeyer, L. "The MOONRISE: payload for mobile selective laser melting of lunar regolith," In International Conference on Space Optics-ICSO 2020, Vol. 11852, 2021, p. 118526T.
20 Oghbaei, M. and Mirzaee, O. "Microwave versus conventional sintering: A review of fundamentals, advantages and applications," Journal of alloys and compounds, Vol. 494, No. 1-2, 2010, pp. 175~189.   DOI
21 Sutton, W. H., "Microwave processing of ceramic materials," American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 68 No. 2, 1989, pp. 376~386.
22 Clark, D. E., Folz, D. C. and West, J. K., "Processing materials with microwave energy," Materials Science and Engineering A, Vol. 287, No. 2, 2020, pp. 153~158.   DOI
23 Mueller, R. P., Sibille, L., Hintze, P. E., Lippitt, T. C., Mantovani, J. G., Nugent, M. W. and Townsend, I. I., "Additive construction using basalt regolith fines," Earth and Space, October 2014, pp. 394~403.
24 Meurisse, A., Beltzung, J. C., Kolbe, M., Cowley, A. and Sperl, M., "Influence of mineral composition on sintering lunar regolith," Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2017, p. 04017014.   DOI
25 Fateri, M., Meurisse, A., Sperl, M., Urbina, D., Madakashira, H. K., Govindaraj, S., Gancet, J., Imhof B., Hoheneder, W., Waclavicek, R., Preisinger, C., Podreka, E., Mohamed, M. P. and Weiss, P. "Solar sintering for lunar additive manufacturing," Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 32, No. 6, 2019, p. 04019101.   DOI
26 Song, L., Xu, J., Fan, S., Tang, H., Li, X., Liu, J. and Duan, X. "Vacuum sintered lunar regolith simulant: Pore-forming and thermal conductivity," Ceramics International, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2019, pp. 3627~3633.   DOI
27 Wang, Q., Michaleris, P. P., Nassar, A. R., Irwin, J. E., Ren, Y. and Stutzman, C. B. "Modelbased feedforward control of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing," Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 31, 2020, p. 100985.   DOI
28 Cardiff, E. H. and Hall, B. C., "A dust mitigation vehicle utilizing direct solar heating," Joint Annual Meeting of Lunar Exploration Analysis Group-International Conference on Exploration and Utilization of the Moon-Space Resources Roundtable, November 2008.
29 Hintze, P. E., "Building a vertical take off and landing pad using in situ materials," Space manufacturing, Vol. 14, 2010, pp. 29~31.
30 Freeman, R. H., "STEM: Teaching Space Science of Extraterrestrial Development and Defense," Journal of Space Operations and Communicator, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2021.
31 Nakamura, T. and Smith, B. "Solar thermal system for lunar ISRU applications: Development and field operation at Mauna Kea, HI," 49th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, Florida, January 2011, p. 433.
32 Zhang, Z. H., Liu, Z. F., Lu, J. F., Shen, X. B., Wang, F. C. and Wang, Y. D. "The sintering mechanism in spark plasma sintering-proof of the occurrence of spark discharge," Scripta materialia, Vol. 81, 2014, pp. 56~59.   DOI
33 Fateri, M., Sottong, R., Kolbe, M., Gamer, J., Sperl, M. and Cowley, A., "Thermal properties of processed lunar regolith simulant," International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, Vol. 16, No. 6, 2019, pp. 2419~2428.   DOI
34 Shen, Z., Johnsson, M., Zhao, Z. and Nygren, M. "Spark plasma sintering of alumina," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 85, No. 8, 2002, pp. 1921~1927.   DOI
35 Zhang, X., Gholami, S., Khedmati, M., Cui, B., Kim, Y. R., Kim, Y. J., Shin, H. S. and Lee, J. "Spark plasma sintering of a lunar regolith simulant: effects of parameters on microstructure evolution, phase transformation, and mechanical properties," Ceramics International, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2021, pp. 5209~5220.   DOI
36 Imhof, B., Urbina, D., Weiss, P., Sperl, M., Hoheneder, W., Waclavicek, R., Madakashira, H. K., Salini, J., Govindaraj, S. Gancet, J., Mohamed, M. P., Gobert, T., Fateri, M., Meurisse, A., Lopez, O., Preisinger, C. and Preisinger, C., "Advancing solar sintering for building a base on the Moon," 69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Adelaide, September 2017.
37 Santanach, J. G., Weibel, A., Estournes, C., Yang, Q., Laurent, C. and Peigney, A. "Spark plasma sintering of alumina: Study of parameters, formal sintering analysis and hypotheses on the mechanism (s) involved in densification and grain growth," Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1400~1408.   DOI
38 Zhang, X., Khedmati, M., Kim, Y. R., Shin, H. S., Lee, J., Kim, Y. J. and Cui, B. "Microstructure evolution during spark plasma sintering of FJS-1 lunar soil simulant," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 103, No. 2, 2020, pp. 899~911.   DOI
39 Fateri, M. and Gebhardt, A., "Process parameters development of selective laser melting of lunar regolith for on-site manufacturing applications," International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2015, pp. 46~52.   DOI
40 Spierings, A. B., Herres, N. and Levy, G., "Influence of the particle size distribution on surface quality and mechanical properties in AM steel parts," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 17 No. 3, 2011, pp. 195~202.   DOI
41 Laura, "Spaceship EAC: turning up the heat on lunar dust," ESA blog, 2021, https://blogs.esa.int/exploration/spaceship-eac-turning-up-the-heat-on-lunar-dust/, June 2022.
42 Spotz, M. S., Skamser, D. J. and Johnson, D. L., "Thermal stability of ceramic materials in microwave heating," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 78, No. 4, 1995, pp. 1041~1048.   DOI
43 Olhoeft, G. R. and Strangway, D. W., "Dielectric properties of the first 100 meters of the Moon," Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1975, pp. 394~404.   DOI
44 Popovich, V., Laot, M., Cheibas, I., Rich, B., Popovich, V. and Summerer, L., "Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials from Lunar Regolith," Technical report, European Space Agency, Europe, p. 6.
45 Lim, S., Bowen, J., Degli-Alessandrini, G., Anand, M., Cowley, A. and Levin Prabhu, V., "Investigating the microwave heating behaviour of lunar soil simulant JSC-1A at different input powers," Scientific reports, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2021, pp. 1~16.   DOI
46 Clinton, R. G., Edmunson, J. E., Fiske, M., Effinger, M. R., Jensen, E. and Ballard, J., "Overview of NASA's Moon-to-Mars Planetary Autonomous Construction Technology (MMPACT)," ASCEND, Las Vegas, November 2021, p. 4072.
47 Thostenson, E. T. and Chou, T. W., "Microwave processing: fundamentals and applications," Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 30, No. 9, 1999, pp. 1055~1071.   DOI
48 Janney, M. A., Calhoun, C. L. and Kimrey, H. D., "Microwave sintering of Solid oxide fuel cell materials: I, zirconia-8 mol% yttria," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 75, No. 2, 1992, pp. 341~346.   DOI
49 Hashimoto, T., Hoshino, T., Tanaka, S., Otake, H., Otsuki, M., Wakabayashi, S., Morimoto, H. and Masuda, K., "Introduction to Japanese exploration study to the moon," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 104, No.2, 2014, pp. 545~551.   DOI
50 China National Space Administration, "International lunar Research station," China National Space Administration, 2021.
51 Allan, S. M., Merritt, B. J., Griffin, B. F., Hintze, P. E. and Shulman, H. S. "High-temperature microwave dielectric properties and processing of JSC-1AC lunar simulant," Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2013, pp. 874~881.   DOI
52 Coordination Group, "In-Situ Resource Utilization Gap Assessment Report," International Space Exploration, technical report, International groups, 2021, p. 7.
53 Abd-Elghany, K. and Bourell, D. L., "Property evaluation of 304L stainless steel fabricated by selective laser melting," Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 18 No. 5, 2012, pp. 420~428.   DOI
54 Goulas, A., Harris, R. A. and Friel, R. J. "Additive manufacturing of physical assets by using ceramic multicomponent extra-terrestrial materials," Additive Manufacturing, Vol. 10, 2016, pp. 36~42.   DOI
55 Duke, M. B., "Workshop on Using In Situ Resources for Construction of Planetary Outposts," Workshop on Using In Situ resources for Construction of Planetary Outposts, Houston, No. LPI/TR-98-01, January 1998.
56 Musilova, M., Nunes, A., Kerber, S., Pouwels, C., Wanske, A., D'Angelo, J., Foing, B. and Rogers, H., "The Second EuroMoonMars IMA at HI-SEA Field Campaign: An Overview of The EMMIHS-II Analog Mission to the Moon," EPSC2020 EPSC2020- 1020, Virtual Conference, October 2020.
57 Meurisse, A., Makaya, A., Willsch, C. and Sperl, M. "Solar 3D printing of lunar regolith," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 152, 2018, pp. 800~810.   DOI
58 Anand, M., Crawford, I. A., Balat-Pichelin, M., Abanades, S., Van Westrenen, W., Peraudeau, G., Jaumann, R. and Seboldt, W., "A brief review of chemical and mineralogical resources on the Moon and likely initial in situ resource utilization (ISRU) applications," Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 74, No. 1, 2012, pp. 42~48.   DOI
59 Grugel, R. N. and Toutanji, H. "Sulfur "concrete" for lunar applications-Sublimation concerns," Advances in Space Research, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2008, pp. 103~112.   DOI
60 Hong, S. C. and Shin, H. S., "Trend Analysis of Lunar Exploration Missions for Lunar Base Construction," Journal of the Korea AcademiaIndustrial cooperation Society, Vol. 19, No. 7, 2018, pp. 144~152.
61 Cesaretti, G., Dini, E., De Kestelier, X., Colla, V. and Pambaguian, L. "Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 93, 2014, pp. 430~450.   DOI
62 Chen, T., Chow, B. J., Wang, M., Zhong, Y. and Qiao, Y., "High-pressure densification of composite lunar cement," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 10, 2017, p. 06017013.   DOI
63 Kim, Y. J., Ryu, B. H., Jin, H., Lee, J. and Shin, H. S. "Microstructural, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Microwave-sintered KLS-1 Lunar Regolith Simulant," Ceramics International, Vol. 47, No. 19, 2021, pp. 26891~26897.   DOI
64 Yoo, S. H., Kim, H. D., Lim, J. H. and Park, J. S., "Development of KAU mechanical lunar simulants and drop test of lunar landing gears," Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 12, 2014, pp. 1037~1044.   DOI
65 Ryu, B. H., Wang, C. C. and Chang, I., "Development and geotechnical engineering properties of KLS-1 lunar simulant," Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2018, p. 04017083.   DOI
66 German, R. M., Sintering theory and practice. Wiley-VCH, 1996, p. 568.
67 Phuah, X. L., Wang, H., Zhang, B., Cho, J., Zhang, X. and Wang, H., "Ceramic Material Processing Towards Future Space Habitat: Electric Current-Assisted Sintering of Lunar Regolith Simulant," Materials, Vol. 13, No. 18, 2020, p. 4128.   DOI
68 Buchner, C., Pawelke, R. H., Schlauf, T., Reissner, A. and Makaya, A. "A new planetary structure fabrication process using phosphoric acid," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 143, 2018, pp. 272~284.   DOI
69 Gosau, J. M., "Regolith stabilization and building materials for the lunar surface," In Earth and Space 2012: Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments, July 2012, pp. 243~249.
70 Bhattacharya, M. and Basak, T., "A review on the susceptor assisted microwave processing of materials," Energy, Vol. 97, 2016, pp. 306~338.   DOI
71 Taylor, L. A. and Meek, T. T., "Microwave sintering of lunar soil: properties, theory, and practice," Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2005, pp. 188~196.   DOI
72 Taylor, L. A., "Generation of native Fe in lunar soil," Engineering, construction, and operations in space I, ASCE, New York, August 1988, pp. 67~77.
73 Heiken, G. H., Vaniman, D. T. and French, B. M., "Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon," Cambridge Univ Pr, 1991, p. 756.
74 Kanamori H., Tsubaki S., Yamamoto, M., Fujii, S., Wada, Y., Hoshino, T. and Hosoda, S., "Production of gravel from lunar soil simulant by rapid microwave sintering," Space Resources Roundtable and the Planetary and Terrestrial Mining Sciences Symposium, Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado, 2018.
75 Blendell, J. E. and Handwerker, C. A., "Effect of chemical composition on sintering of ceramics," Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 75, No. 1, 1986, pp. 138~160.   DOI
76 Barmatz, M., Steinfeld, D., Begley, S. B., Winterhalter, D. and Allen, C., "Microwave Permittivity and Permeability Measurement on Lunar Soils," 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Taxas, No. JSC-CN-22645, March 2011.
77 Lacerda, M., "A Preliminary Systems Design on the NASA Lunar Modular Habitat with a Human-Autonomous Coordinated Operation: Design through the Integrated Product and Process Development Method," Earth and Space 2021, Virtual Conference, April 2021, pp. 1033~1036.