Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/JKSAS.2019.47.6.446

Development Status of Helicopter Simulator Technology  

Seo, Gang-Ho (Graduate School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gyeongsang National University)
Kim, Yoonsoo (Graduate School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Gyeongsang National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences / v.47, no.6, 2019 , pp. 446-459 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current technical status and future prospects regarding helicopter simulators. In the introduction section, we briefly summarize the concept of the simulator and the development history of helicopter simulators. In the main section, the development status of helicopter simulation technology is first presented and the FAA/EASA certification is then introduced as a verification method for the reliability evaluation of the developed simulator technology. In addition, several issues that need to be resolved along with future development directions are discussed to improve the reliability of helicopter flight simulator.
Keywords
Helicopter Simulator; Certification System; Flight Dynamics Modeling; Flight Control Law;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 YONHAP NEWS AGENCY, Korea, July 2017, https://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popular_day&oid=001&aid=0009410618&date=20170716&type=1&rankingSeq=1&rankingSectionId [last visit date : 2019.03.29].
2 CAMRAD II, Comprehensive Analytical of Roterocraft Aerodynamics and Dynamics, http://johnson-aeronautics.com/documents/CAMRADIIoutline.pdf [last visit date : 2019.03.29].
3 Dymore, Dymore User's Manual, http://dymoresolutions.com/UsersManual.html [last visit date : 2019.03.29].
4 Bir, G. S., Structural Dynamics Verification of Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analysis System(RCAS), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Feb, 2005, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/35328.pdf [last visit date : 2019.03.29].
5 CHARM, Comprehensive Hierarchical Aerom echanics Rotorcraft Model, http://www.continuumdynamics.com/pr-charm.html [last visit date : 2019.03.29].
6 FLIGHTLAB, Finite Element Component- Based Selective Fidelity Air Vehicle Modeling and Simulation Tool, http://www.flightlab.com/flightlab.html, [last visit date : 2019.03.29].
7 Park, J. H., and Myung, N. S., "Atmospheric Icing Effects on the Aerodynamic Characteristics and Performance of Wind Turbine Blade," Journal of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2014, pp. 134-143.   DOI
8 Yoon, S. J., "Current of Aircraft Simulator Technology," Proceeding of The Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers Spring Conference, 1998, pp. 172-181.
9 Kim, T. H., Yoo, M. G., Kim, S. J., and Hong, S. G., "Implementation of The Helicopter SIL Simulator Based on Realtime Computer for Development of Autonomous Flight Path Following Algorithm," Proceeding of The Institute of Control and Robotics and Systems Spring Conference, 2016, pp. 392-393.
10 Lee, S. H., Hong, Y. O., Lee, S. G., and Yoon, S. J., "Flight motion modeling for simulation game application," Proceeding of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences Spring Conference, April 2003, pp. 1242-1245.
11 Jeon, H. S., Jeon, D. G., Choe, H. S., and Choe, Y. G., "Engine Control and Performance Modeling Technique for Helicopter Simulator," Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering, December 2008, pp. 2239-2246.
12 Lee, H. K., Lee, E. Y., Heo, G. B., Jeon, C. W., and Go, J. S., "Development of Flight Evaluation Simulator," Proceeding of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences Fall Conference, November 1996, pp. 157-164.
13 Federal Aviation Administration, Helicopter Simulator Qualification, 14 CFR Part 60, 2016.
14 Hong, D. G., Approval for Synthetic Flight Trainer 2018-290, Korea's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Affairs, 2018.
15 Yoon, S. J., et al., "Development of Civil Aviation Simulator and Core Certification Technologies," Final Report, Korea's Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Affairs, December 2018.
16 Jeon, D. K., Jun, H. S., Choi H. S., and Choi, Y. K., "Development of FAA AC120-63 Level C Flight Simulation Model for KA-32T," Proceeding of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences Spring Conference, April 2009, pp. 406-412.
17 Entrol, S. L., "EC-135 Multiengine Helicopter Simulator," Entrol document H11 FNPT 2 MCC, July 2016.
18 Jeon, D. K., Jun, H. S., Choi H. S., and Choi, Y. K., "Development of KA-32 Real-Time Flight Simulation Model," Proceeding of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences Spring Conference, April 2007, pp. 853-857.
19 Security Management Institute of Korea, A Study on Actual Condition and Development plan of Defense Simulator, 11-1290451-000026-01, September 2017.
20 Pedro, V. M. S., "Helicopter Nonlinear Flight Control Using Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion," University Tecnica de Lisboa Graduate Paper, October 2011.
21 Ravindra, J., "Aerodynamic Modeling and System Identification from Flight Data-Recent Applications at DLR," RTO Mission at Tubitak-SAGE, Ankara, Turkey, May 2008.
22 European Helicopter Safety Team, Advantages of Simulators (FSTDs) in Helicopter Flight Training, July 2013.
23 Thales, AW139 Helicopter Full Flight Simulator Recives Level D Qualification from EASA, Thales Blog News, November 2016.
24 Giovanni, B., and Sergio, B., "Results of an A109 Simulation Validation and Handling Qualities Study," NASA Technical Memorandum, May 1989.
25 http://www.frasca.com/frasca-history/ [last visit date : 2018.11.20]
26 Larsen, W. E., Randle, R. J., and Popish, L., N., Vertical Flight Training: An Overview of Training and Flight Simulator Technology with Emphasis on Rotary-Wing Requirements, NASA Reference Publication 1373 DOT/FAA/CT-94/83, 1994.
27 Toler, J. R., and Mcintyre, W., Simulation of Helicopter and V/Stol Aircraft. Vol 1. Helicopter A nalysis Report : NAVTRADEVCEN, NAVTRADEV CEN 1205-1, 1963.
28 Wayne, J., A History of Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analyses, NASA TP-216012, 2012.
29 Houck, J. A., Gibson, L. H., and Steinmetz, G. G., A Real-time digital computer program for the simulation of a single rotor helicopter, NASA TM X-2874, 1974.
30 Howlett, J. J., UH-60 Black Hawk Engineering Simulation Program, Vol. 1. Mathematical Model, NASA CR-166309, 1981.
31 Harding, J. W., and Bass, S. M., "Validation of a flight simulation model of the AH-64 apache attack helicopter against flight test data," Proceeding of American Helicopter Society 46th Annual Forum, Washington DC, 1990, pp. 1309-1325.
32 Gubbels, A. W., Carignan, S., and Ellis, D. K., "The NRC Bell-412 Advanced Systems Research Aircraft-A New Facility for Airborne Simulation," Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, vol. 46, 2000, pp. 106-115.
33 Haycock, B., and Grant, P. A., "Realtime Helicopter Model with Flexible Main Rotor Blades," Proceeding of AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference (AIAA 2011-6278), Portland, USA, August 2011.
34 Caudle., D. B., "Damage Mitigation for Rotorcraft through Load Alleviation Control," Penn. state University Graduate Paper, 2014.
35 Gu, H. B., Fu, J., and Hu, J. S., Review on Key Techniques of Dynamics Modeling for Helicopter Simulator, Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 33, No. 6, December 2016.
36 Hu, J. S., and Gu, H. B., "Survey on Flight Control Technology for Large-Scale Helicopter," International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 2017, No. 1, pp. 1-14.
37 Oosterom, M., Schram, G., Babuska, R., and Verbruggen, H. B., "Automated Procedure for Gain-Scheduled Flight Control Law Design," Proceeding of 18th Applied aerodynamics Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, August 2000.
38 Christensen, K. T., Campbell, K. G., Griffith, C. D., Ivler, C. M., Tischler, M. B., and Harding, J. W., "Flight Control Development for the ARH-70 Armed Reconnaissance Helicopter Program," Proceeding of American Helicopter Society International 63rd Annual Forum, 2007, pp. 839-863.
39 Hilbert, K. B., "The Design of a Model-Following Control System for Helicopters 84-1941," Proceeding of the 17th Fluid Dynamics, Plasma Dynamics, Laser Conference, Snowmass, USA, June 1984.
40 Tischler, M. B., Blanken, C. L., Cheung, K. K., Swei, S. S. M., Sahasrabudhe, V., and Faynberg, A., "Modernized Control Laws for UH-60 Optimization and Flight-test Results," Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2005, pp. 964-978.   DOI
41 Mammar, S., and Duc, G., "Loop Shaping Design : Application to the Robust Stabilization of a Helicopter," Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 2, 1993, pp. 349-356.   DOI
42 Smerlas, A. J., Walker, D. J., Postlethwaite, I., Strange, M. E., Howitt, J., and Gubbels, A. W., "Evaluating $H_{\infty}$ Controllers on the NRC Bell 205 Fly-by-wire Helicopter," Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1-10.   DOI
43 Prempain, E., and Postlethwaite, I., "Static $H_{\infty}$ Loop Shaping Control of a Fly-by-wire Helicopter," Automatica, Vol. 41, No. 9, 2005, pp. 1517-1528.   DOI
44 Hendricks, E., and Holst, J., "An Extended Kalman Filter Applied to Helicopter State and Parameter Estimation," Proceeding of 13th Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, Williamsburg, USA, 1986.
45 Mulgund, S. S., and Zacharias, G. L., "A Hybrid Neural Network-Fuzzy Logic Limit Protection System for rotorcraft," Proceedings of the AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference, San Diego, USA, 1996.
46 Hager, L. vS., Uren, K. R., and van Schoor, G., "Series-Parallel Approach to On-line Observer Based Neural Control of a Helicopter System," IFAC Proceeding Volumes, Vol. 47, No. 3, 2014, pp. 2545-2550.   DOI
47 Greiser, S., "Disturbance Observer-based Control to Suppress Air Resonance for the EC135 ACT/FHS Research Helicopter," Proceeding of AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference (AIAA 2015-0856), Kissimmee, USA, January 2015.
48 Simplicio, P. V. M., "Helicopter Nonlinear Flight Control Using Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion," Master Thesis, Universidade Tecnica de Lisboa, 2011.
49 Pavel, P. V. M., Shanthakumaran, P., Strooma, O., et al., "Development of Advanced Flight Control Laws for the AH-64 Apache Helicopter-Sketches form the Work of TU Delft-Boeing Project in SIMONA Simulator," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society 72th Annual Forum, USA, 2016.
50 Jiang, T. Y., Prasad, J. V. R., and Calise A. J., "Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Flight Controller for Rotorcraft," Proceedings of the Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit, San Diego, USA, 1996.
51 Dai, J. Y., and Tan, C., "Helicopter Flight Control and Simulation Based on Fuzzy Smooth Switching," Journal of System Simulation, Vol. 23, No. 6, 2011, pp. 1273-1277.
52 Dai, J., Tan, C., and Wu, G., "Fuzzy Multi-Model Switching H-infinity Control for Helicopters in a Full Envelop," Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2013, pp. 2185-2197.   DOI
53 Kim, B. S., and Calise, A. J., "Nonlinear Flight Control Using Neural Network," Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1997, pp. 26-33.   DOI
54 Leitner, J., Calise, A., and Prasad J. V. R., "Analysis of Adaptive Neural Networks for Helicopter Flight Control," Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, Vol. 20, No. 5, 1997, pp. 972-979.   DOI
55 Sahani, N. A., and Horn, J. F., "Neural Network Based Algorithms for Comprehensive Collective Axis Limit Avoidance on Rotorcraft," Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information and Communication, Vol. 1, No. 11, 2004, pp. 432-451.   DOI
56 Korea Aerospace Industries Association, Production Scale Statistics by Project, 2018, http://aerospace.or.kr/document/mn04/mn04_02.php [last visit date : 2019.03.27].