Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.6107/JKHA.2015.26.4.083

A Study on Ernst May's Cognition of the Working Class and the Rationalization in the Housing of the New Frankfurt Initiative  

Kim, Hoon (School of Architecture, Kyungpook National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean housing association / v.26, no.4, 2015 , pp. 83-94 More about this Journal
Abstract
Ernst May and the New Frankfurt Initiative are well known for the urban planning and the Housings in Frankfurt a. M. Their works tend to be underestimated because of some factors such as modest attitude toward modernism design vocabulary, short period that their programs lasts, and modification/recession of project in actual construction. So, This study aims to build up the relations related to Housing, such as situation of post World War I in German Society and Frankfurt, May's cognition on the working class, and realization of rationalization as a major tools of the modernity. Ernst May considered the working class with bipolar standpoint. Ernst May and His team considered working class and those families not only as object of relief but also as potential 'modern citizens' to be disciplined; he sympathize poor conditions of working class while discriminating them by their labor charge. Acceptance of Socially Disadvantaged group in construction were also proceeded in means of recession of cost. Even Ernst May and his team did not achieved the goals that they thought they could, their Siedlung and house designs articulated the sense of modernity, which presented in rationalization with highly practical manner. Those are realized in 3 directions; respectful considerations for existing traditional factors, application of extendable logics of physical/social hygiene, and reflection of issues with standardization and mass production.
Keywords
Ernst May; Working Class; New Frankfurt Initiative; Rationalization; Housing;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Bahrdt, H. (1969). Humane urban development (Humaner Stadtebau). Hamburg: Wagner Verlag.
2 Bergmann, K. (1970). Agricultural Romance and Big City Hostility (Agrarromantik und Gross stadtfeindshaft). Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain.
3 Boehm, H. (1925. January). the Urban planning (Die stadtebauliche Planung), Schlesisches Heim, 5, 12-14.
4 Diehl, R. (1974). Urban planning in the twenties Frankfurt (Stadtplanung in Den Zwanziger Jahren). Frankfurt: Frankfurter Stadt-Historisches Museum.
5 Gropius. W. (1930). The sociological foundations of minimal apartment (Die soziologischen grundlagen der Minimalwohnung). Die Justiz, 5(8), 454-466.
6 Gropius. W. (1956). Architecture-Towards an optical Culture; Frankfurt a. M. (Architektur-Wege zu einer optischen Kultur; Frankfurt a. M.). Fischer S. (eds.), Hamburg: Verlag GmbH.
7 Hagen, W. (1930. November). Biological and Social Prerequisites of the Minimal Dwelling(Biologische und Soziale Voraussetzungen der Kleinstwohnungen). Das Neue Frankfurt, 5(11), 222-224.
8 Hale, W. H. (1931). From the Heart of Germany. The Nation, 83(1), 552-555.
9 Henderson, S. R. (2013). Building Culture: Ernst May and the New Frankfurt Initiative, 1926-1931. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
10 Heynen, H. (2008). Architecture and Modernity (Lee and Kim trns.). Seoul: Spacetime (Original Work published 2000).
11 Jacob, H.(1963). German Administration since Bismark, New Haven: Yale University Press.
12 Le Corbusier (1926/27, November). The conquest of the Flat roof (Die Eroberung des Flachen Daches). Das Neue Frankfurt, 1(7), 167-169.
13 Lejuene, J. F. (1996). From Hellerau to the Bauhaus; Memory and Modernity of the German Garden City.in Lejuene, J. F. (eds.), Modern Cities of The New City series, 3 (pp. 53-68). Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press.
14 May, E. (1922). Urban expansion via satellites (Stadterweiterung mittels Trabanten). Schlesisches Heim, 2, 267-269.
15 May, E. (1924a. May). The medium-sized house with builtin furniture the Silesian homestead on the business and building exhibition in Breslau (Das Mittelstandshaus mit Einbaumobeln der Schlesischen Heimstatte auf der Betriebswirtschaftlichen und Bauausstellung in Breslau). Schlesisches Heim, 5, 143-49.
16 May, E. (1924b. November). Housing for concern (Wohnungs fur sorge). Schlesisches Heim, 5, 406-412.
17 May, E. (1926. December). Mechanization of housing construction (Mechanisierung der wohnungsbau). Das Neue Frankfurt, 1(2), 33-39.
18 May, E. (1980). The Housing for Existence minimum (Die Wohnung Fur das Existenzminimum), in Steinmann, M. (ed)., CIAM: Dokumente 1928-1939, Basel: Birkhauser (Original work published 1929).
19 May, E. (1929. April). Organization of construction in the city of Frankfurt a.M. (Organisation der bautatigkeit der Stadt Frankfurt a. M.)". Der Baumeister, 7(4), 98-99.
20 May, E.(1930. March). Five years' residential construction activity in Frankfurt a. M. (Funf Jahre Wohungs Bautatigkeit in Frankfurt am Main). Das Neue Frankfurt, 4(2) 21-70.
21 Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, A. (1971). The war and German society. New York: Howard Fertig (Original work published 1940).
22 Mullin, J. R. (1977. 11). City planning in Frankfurt, Germany, 1925-1932: A study in practical utopianism. Journal of Urban History, 4(1), 1-26.
23 Mullin, J. R. (1982. 04). Ideology, Planning Theory and the German City in the Inter-War Years. Town Planning Review, 53(2), 115-130.   DOI
24 Mumford, L. (1933. 05). Taxes into Houses. Fortune, 7(1), 48-49.
25 Neisser, M. (1929. 11). Hygienic Considerations on the Housing Space Size in smallest apartments (Hygienische Betrachtungen uber die Wohnungs raumgrosse in kleinsten Wohnungen). Das Neue Frankfurt, 3(11), 218-221.
26 Pawly. M. (1971), Architecture versus Housing. Conneticut: Praeger Publishers.
27 Pink, L. (1928). The new day in Housing. New York: John Day.
28 Sallis-Freudenthal, M. (1977). I have found my own country(Ich habe mein Land gefunden). Frankfurt: Josef Knecht.
29 Sohn, S. W. (2003). A study on the Residential Planning Theories of Ernst May, Journal of the Institute of Industrial Technology, 14(2), 1-12.
30 Schurmeyer, W.(1927). Mechanization of housing in Frankfurt (Mechanisierung des wohnungsbaus in Frankfurt a. M.). Deutsche Bauzeitung, 61, 34-36.
31 Stephenson. J(1975). Women in Nazi Society. London: Croon Helm.
32 Toll, S.(1969). Zoned America. New York: Grossman.
33 Unwin, R. (1994). Town Planning in Practice. Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press. (Original work published 1909).
34 Wickham, J. (1983. 10). Working-class movement and working class-life. Social History, 8(3), 315-43.   DOI
35 Wichert, F. (1928. 01). The new furniture(Der neue Hausrat). Das Neue Frankfurt, 2(1), 2-5.
36 Winkler, H. A.(1985). The appearance of normality; workers and workers' movement of the Weimar Republic, 1924-1930 (Der Schein der Normalitat: Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung der Wiemarer Republik, 1924-1930). Berlin: Dietz Verlag.