Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7855/IJHE.2016.18.6.041

Identification of the microstructural components of crumb rubber modified asphalt binder (CRMA) and the feasibility of using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX)  

Kim, Hyun Hwan (Texas State University)
Mithil, Mazumder (Texas State University)
Lee, Moon Sup (Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology)
Lee, Soon Jae (Texas State University)
Publication Information
International Journal of Highway Engineering / v.18, no.6, 2016 , pp. 41-50 More about this Journal
Abstract
OBJECTIVES : In this study, microstructural components of crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) binder were investigated using environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). To clearly understand the elemental composition of the CRMA binder, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was employed on the ESEM samples. METHODS : CRMA binders were produced using open blade mixers at $177^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. The binders were artificially aged through a series of accelerated aging processes. Sample preparation was done by making a mold shape on the glass slide. Thereafter, the morphology of the CRMA binder was observed using the ESEM coupled with the EDX. RESULTS : The images captured from the ESEM indicate that the unaged CRMA binder appears to have a single-phase continuous nonuniform structure after the addition of crumb rubber particles, whereas the artificially aged CRMA binder was observed to have two different phases. ESEM coupled with EDX shows detailed internal structure of the modified binders compared to other technologies (i.e., optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and conventional scanning electron microscope). CONCLUSIONS : The captured images resemble the internal structures such as the viscous properties of the unaged CRMA binder and the interaction between the rubber particles and the base binder at aged condition. ESEM is a powerful instrument and with the introduction of EDX, it provided more details of the network microstructure of the asphalt binder. ESEM coupled with EDX is recommended for use in future investigation of microstructure of asphalt binders.
Keywords
Environmental scanning electron microscopy; Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; Crumb rubber modified asphalt;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 The Asphalt Institute (2003). Performance graded asphlt binder specification and testing, SP-1. The Asphalt Institute, Lexington.
2 Adhikari, B., De D, Maiti, S. (2000). Reclamation and recycling of waste rubber. Prog Polym Sci, 25(7), 909-48.   DOI
3 Azizian, F., & Nelson, O., Thayumanavan, P. & Williamson, J. (2003). Environmental impact of highway construction and repair materials on surface and ground waters: case study: crumb rubber asphalt concrete. Waste Manage, 22(8), 719-28.
4 Bahia, H. U., & Davis, R. (1994). Effect of crumb rubber modifiers (CRM) on performance-related properties of asphalt binders. J. Assoc. Asphalt Paving Technol., 63, 414-449.
5 Bahia, H. U., Hanson, D. I., Zeng, M., Zhai, H., Khatri, M. A., & Anderson, R. M. (2001). Characterization of modified asphalt binders in superpave mix design. Rep. No. 459, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
6 Blumenthal, M. (1994). Producing ground scrap tire rubber: A comparison between ambient and cryogenic technologies. Proc., 17th Biennial Waste Processing Conf., ASME, New York.
7 Danilatos, G.D., (1990). Theory of the gaseous detector device in the environmental scanning electron microscope. Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, 78, 1-102.   DOI
8 Divya, P. S., Gideon, C. S., & Krishnan, M. (2013). Influence of the type of binder and crumb rubber on the creep and recovery of crumb rubber modified bitumen. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(4), 438-449.   DOI
9 Garcia-Morales M, Partal P, Navarro FJ, Gallegos C. (2006). Effect of waste polymer addition on the rheology of modified bitumen, Fuel, 85, 936-945.   DOI
10 Heitzman, M. (1992). "State of the practice design and construction of asphalt paving materials with crumb rubber modifier." Rep. No. FHWA A-SA-92-022, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
11 Huang B, Mohammad LN, Graves PS, Abadie C. (2002). Louisiana experience with crumb rubber-modified hot-mix asphalt pavement. Transport Res Rec: J Transport Res Board, 1789, 1-13.   DOI
12 Karakurt, C. (2014). Microstructure properties of waste tire rubber composites: an overview. J Mater Cycles Waste Mang, 17, 422-433.
13 Kimseng, K. & Meissel, M. (2001). Short overview about the ESEM: The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope. Maryland: Produced by CALCE Electronic Products and Systems Centre, University of Maryland.
14 Kim, H. & Lee, S.-J. (2013). Laboratory investigation of different standards of phase separation in crumb rubber modified asphalt binders. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 25(12), 1975-1978.   DOI
15 Lee, S.-J., Amirkhanian, S., & Shatanawki, K. (2006). Effects of crumb rubber on aging of asphlt binders. In: Asphalt rubber 2006, 3, California: Palm Springs, 779-95.
16 Lee, S.-J. (2007). Characterization of recycled aged CRMA binders. Dissertation (Ph.D.), Clemson University.
17 Liu, H., Chen, Z., Wang, W., Wang, H., & Hao, P. (2014). Investigation of the rheological modification mechanism of crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) containing TOR additive. Construction and Building Materials, 67, 225-233.   DOI
18 Liang, RY., & Lee S. (1996). Short-term and long-term aging behavior of rubber modified asphalt paving mixtures. Transport Res Rec: J Transpor Res Board,1530(1), 1-7.
19 Loeber, L., Sutton, O., Morel, J.V.J.M., Valleton, J.M. & Muller, G. (1996). New direct observations of asphalts and asphalt binders by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Journal of Microscopy, 182(1), 32-39.   DOI
20 Masson, J.F., Leblond, V. & Margeson, J. (2006). Bitumen morphologies by phase-detection atomic force microscopy. Journal of Microscopy, 221(1), 17-29.   DOI
21 Palit, S. K., Sudhakar Reddy, K., & Pandey, BB. (2004). Laboratory evaluation of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixes. J Mater Civ Eng, 16(1), 45-53.   DOI
22 Polacco, G., Stastna, J., Biondi, D., & Zanzotto, L. (2006). Relation between Polymer architecture and nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of modified asphalts, Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 11(4), 230-245.   DOI
23 Putman, B.J. (2005). Qualification of the Effects of Crumb Rubber in CRM Binder, Dissertation (Ph.D.), Clemson University.
24 Rozeveld, S. J., Shin, E. E., Bhurke, A., France, L., & Drzal, L. T.(1997). Network morphology of straight and polymer modified asphalt cements. Microsc. Res. Tech., 38(5), 529-543.   DOI
25 Ruth, B.E., & Roque, R. (1995). Crumb rubber modifier (CRM) in asphalt pavements. In: Proceedings of the transportation congress, 768-85.
26 Shen, J., & Amirkhanian, S.N. (2005). The influence of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) microstructures on the high temperature properties of CRM binders, The International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 6(4), 265-271.   DOI
27 Sun, D., & Lu W. (2003). Investigation and Improvement of storage stability of SBS modified asphalt, Petroleum Science and Technology, 21, 901-910.   DOI
28 Wang, H., You, Z., Mills-Beale, J., & Hao, P. (2012a). Laboratory evaluation on high temperature viscosity and low temperature stiffness of asphalt binder with high percent scrap tire rubber. Constr. Build. Mater., 26(1), 583-590.   DOI
29 Siddique, R., & Naik, T. R. (2004). Properties of concrete containing scrap-tire rubber-An overview. Waste Manage., 24(6), 563-569.   DOI
30 Visser, A., and Verhaegle, B. (2000). "Bitumen rubber: Lessons learned in South Africa." Proc., Asphalt Rubber, Faro, Portugal (Nov. 14-17, 2000).
31 Williams, T., & Miknis, F. (1998). Use of Environmental SEM to study asphalt-water interactions. Journal of materials in Civil Engineering, 10(2), 121-124.   DOI
32 Way GB. (1998). OGFC Meets CRM-Where the Rubber Meets the Rubber-12 Years of the durable success. The Asphalt Conference, Atlanta, Georgia.
33 Xiao, F., Zhao, W., & Amirkhanian, S. N. (2009). Fatigue behavior of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm asphlt additives. Construction and Building Materials, 23(10), 3144-3151.   DOI
34 Xiao, F., Punith, V. S., & Amirkhanian, S. N. (2012). Effects of non-foaming WMA additives on asphalt binders at high performance temperatures. Fuel, 94, 144-155.   DOI
35 Shen, J., Amirkhanian, S.N., Xiao, F., &Tang, B. (2009)". Influence of surface area and size of crumb rubber on high temperature properties of crumb rubber modified binders." Constr. Build. Mater., 23(1), 304-310.   DOI