Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.15813/kmr.2018.19.3.007

Study on the Effects of Prep-Entrepreneurs' Positive psychological capital and Career ambition on Entrepreneurial Intentions  

Choi, Jinsook (중앙대학교 창업학과)
Hwang, Kumju (중앙대학교 창업학과)
Publication Information
Knowledge Management Research / v.19, no.3, 2018 , pp. 135-171 More about this Journal
Abstract
Due to its nature, business foundation accompanies high levels of risk taking and responsibility. For this reason, entrepreneurs come to experience various negative emotions in the process of business foundation such as anxiety about risks, fear of failure, and pressure of success. However, entrepreneurs' negative emotions reduce individual inclinations for business foundation. Thus, it is necessary to research individual psychological characteristics that could reduce and attenuate entrepreneurs' negative emotions. To this end, this study examined the effects of Self-forgiveness, and Narcissism, psychological motivation variables, and Positive psychological capital and Career ambition, goal motivation variables, on entrepreneurial intentions. In order to verify research hypotheses, 326 questionnaires collected from prep-entrepreneurs were used for the empirical analysis. Looking at the analysis results, Self-forgiveness, Narcissism, Positive psychological capital and Career ambition had significant effects on entrepreneurial intentions. This study has a meaning in that it confirmed the influential relationship between the psychological characteristics reducing entrepreneurs' negative emotions and entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, this study suggested its implications, limitations, and future research directions based on the study results.
Keywords
Self-forgiveness; Narcissism; Positive psychological capital; Career ambition; Entrepreneurship intentions;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 4  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Xu, D., and Guo, L. 2018. "Use and Gratifications of Singing Competition Reality Shows: Linking Narcissism and Gratifications Sought with the Multimedia Viewing of Chinese Audiences," Mass Communication and Society 21(2), pp. 198-224.   DOI
2 Yang, S. 2016. "Career Success of Hospitality Female Middle Managers in Mainland China," Doctoral dissertation, Kent State University.
3 Yi, Mun Y., and Fred D. Davis 2003. "Developing and Validation and Observational Learning Model of Computer Software Training and Skill Acquisition," Information System Research (14:2), pp. 146-169.   DOI
4 Young, S. M., and Pinsky, D. 2006. "Narcissism and celebrity," Journal of Research in Personality (40:5), pp. 463-471.   DOI
5 Zhou, L., Aclan, E., Gumarao, M., Marticio, F. V., Castillo, E., and Songcayawon, J. 2018. "FORGIVENESS: ITS IMPACT IN THE WORKPLACE," Psychology, and Humanities, 529429.
6 Zhou, W., Guan, Y., Xin, L., Mak, M. C. K., and Deng, Y. 2016. "Career success criteria and locus of control as indicators of adaptive readiness in the career adaptation model," Journal of Vocational Behavior (94), pp. 124-130.   DOI
7 Green, D. C., and Britton, P. J. 2012. "The influence of forgiveness on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning individuals' shame and self-esteem," Journal of Counseling and Development (91), pp. 195-205.
8 Grijalva, E., and Harms, P. D. 2014. "Narcissism: An integrative synthesis and dominance complementarity model," Academy of Management Perspectives (28:2), pp. 108-127.   DOI
9 Gordon, I. R. 2015. "Ambition, human capital acquisition and the metropolitan escalator," Regional Studies (49:6), pp. 1042-1055.   DOI
10 Gollwitzer, P. M., and Brandstatter, V. (1997). "Implementation intentions and effective goal pursuit," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (73:1), p .186.   DOI
11 Hall, J. H., and Fincham, F. D. 2005. "Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (24:5), pp. 621-637.   DOI
12 Harman, C., and Sealy, R. 2017. "Opt-in or opt-out: exploring how women construe their ambition at early career stages," Career Development International (22:4), pp. 372-398.   DOI
13 Hayward, M.L.A., Forster, W.R., Sarasvathy, S.D., and Fredrickson, B.L. 2010. Beyond hubris: How highly confident entrepreneurs rebound to venture again," Journal of Business Venturing (25:6), pp. 569-578.   DOI
14 Lau, J. Y., Sung, J. J., Lee, K. K., Yung, M. Y., Wong, S. K., Wu, J. C., ... and Chan, A. C. 2000. "Effect of intravenous omeprazole on recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers," New England Journal of Medicine (343:5), pp. 310-316.   DOI
15 Kim, J., and Noh, Y. 2016. "The effects of psychological capital and risk tolerance on service workers' internal motivation for firm performance and entrepreneurship," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal (12:3), pp. 681-696.   DOI
16 Krueger, N.F. 2000. "The cognitive infrastructure of opportunity emergence," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, (24:3), pp. 5-23.
17 Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., and Carsrud, A. L. 2000. "Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Business Venturing (15:5-6), pp. 411-432.   DOI
18 Kuijpers, M. A. C. T., and Scheerens, J. 2006. "Career competencies for the modern career," Journal of Career Development (32:4), pp. 303-319.   DOI
19 Lawless, J. L., and Fox, R. L. 2005. "It takes a candidate: Why women don't run for office," Cambridge University Press.
20 Lazear, E.M. 2005. "Entrepreneurship," Journal of Labor Economics (23), pp. 649-680.   DOI
21 Lee, J. H. 2013. "A Study on the ways to Vitalize Students' Entrepreneurship," Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship (8:2), pp. 63-74.   DOI
22 Lee, S. H., and Wong, P. K. 2004. "An exploratory study of technopreneurial intentions: A career anchor perspective," Journal of business venturing (19:1), pp. 7-28.   DOI
23 Linan, F., and Fayolle, A. 2015. "A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal (11:4), pp. 907-933.   DOI
24 Nunnally, Jum D. and Ira H Bernstein. 1994. "Psychological Theory," New York: MacGraw-Hill.
25 Morrow, R. 2006. "Hope, entrepreneurship and foresight," Regional frontiers of entrepreneurship research: Compilation of papers of the third AGSE international entrepreneurship research exchange [CD]. Melbourne: Swinburne University, pp. 606-618.
26 Mwasalwiba E. S. 2010. "Entrepreneurship Education: A Review of its Objectives, Teaching Methods, and Impact Indicators," Education+ Training (52:1), pp. 20-47.   DOI
27 Noel, T. 1998, "Effects of Entrepreneurial Education on intent to open a business: an exploratory study," Journal of Entrepreneurship Education (5), pp. 3-13.
28 Ashkanasy, N., Hartel, C. and Daus, C. 2002, "Diversity and emotion: the new frontiers in organizational behavior research," Journal of Management (28:3), pp. 307-338.   DOI
29 Arora, P., Haynie, J. M., and Laurence, G. A. 2013. "Counterfactual thinking and entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The moderating role of self-esteem and dispositional affect," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (37:2), pp. 359-385.   DOI
30 Ashby, J. and Schoon, I. 2010. "The role of aspirations, ambition and gender in predicting adult social status and earnings," Journal of Vocational Behavior (77:3), pp. 350 - 360   DOI
31 Autio, E., Keeley, H., Klofsten, R., Parker, G., and Hay, M. 2001. "Entrepreneurial intent among students in Scandinavia and in the USA," Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies (2:2), pp. 145-160.   DOI
32 Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., and Youssef, C. M. 2010. "The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors," Journal of Management (36:2), pp. 430-452.   DOI
33 Bagozzi, R. P. and Yi 1988, "On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (16:1), pp. 74-94.   DOI
34 Albert, K. A., and Luzzo, D. A. 1999. "The role of perceived barriers in career development: A social cognitive perspective," Journal of Counseling and Development (77:4), pp. 431-436.   DOI
35 Luthans, F., and Youssef, C. M. 2007. "Emerging Positive Organizational Behavior," Journal of Management (33), pp. 321-349.
36 Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., and Norman, S. M. 2007. "Positive psychological capital: measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction," Personnel Psychology (60:3), pp. 541-572.   DOI
37 Luthans, F., Vogelgesang, G. R., and Lester, P. B. 2006. "Developing the psychological capital of resiliency," Human Resource Development Review (5:1), pp. 25-44.   DOI
38 Luthans, F., and Youssef, C. M. 2004. "Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management," Organizational Dynamics (33), pp. 143-160.   DOI
39 Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., and Avolio, B. J. 2007, "Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive edge," Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
40 Luthans F., Youssef, C.M., and Avolio B. 2015. "Psychological Capital and Beyond," New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
41 Luthans, F., and Youssef, C. M. 2017. "Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach," Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior (4), pp. 339-366.   DOI
42 Malebana, M. J. 2014. "Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial motivation of South African Rural University students," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies (6:9), pp. 709-726.
43 McConnell, J. M. 2015. "A conceptual-theoretical-empirical framework for self-forgiveness: Implications for research and practice," Basic and Applied Social Psychology (37:3), pp. 143-164.   DOI
44 McAdams, D. P. 1995, "What do we know when we know a person?," Journal of Personality (63: 3), pp. 365-396.   DOI
45 McClelland, D. C. 1961. "The achieving society" New York, NY: Van Nostrand.
46 McClelland, D.C. 1965, "Achievement motivation can be developed," Harvard Business Review, 43(November-December), pp. 6-24.
47 McCullough, M. E., and Witvliet, V. O. 2002. "The psychology of forgiveness," In C. R. Snyder and S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology, pp. 446-458, London: Oxford University Press.
48 McGrath, R.G. 1999. "Fall forward: Real options reasoning and entrepreneurial failure," Academy of Management Review (24:1), pp. 13-30.   DOI
49 McNeal, S. 2007. "Healthy narcissism and ego state therapy," Intl. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (56:1), pp. 19-36.   DOI
50 O'Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., and McDaniel, M. A. 2012. "A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective," Journal of Applied Psychology (97:3), pp. 557-579.   DOI
51 Ong, A., Bergeman, C., Bisconti, T., and Wallace, K. 2006. "Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life," Journal of personality and Social Psychology (91:4), pp. 730-749.   DOI
52 Otto, K., Roe, R., Sobiraj, S., Baluku, M. M., and Garrido Vasquez, M. E. 2017. "The impact of career ambition on psychologists' extrinsic and intrinsic career success: The less they want, the more they get," Career Development International (22:1), pp. 23-36.   DOI
53 Parker, S. C. 2004. "The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship," Cambridge University Press.
54 Patzelt, H., and Shepherd, D. A. 2011. "Negative emotions of an entrepreneurial career: Self-employment and regulatory coping behaviors," Journal of Business Venturing (26:2), pp. 226-238.   DOI
55 Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., and Rusbult, C. 2004. "Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (87:3), pp. 400-416.   DOI
56 Baluku, M. M., Kikooma, J. F., and Kibanja, G. M. 2016. "Psychological capital and the startup capital-entrepreneurial success relationship," Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 28(1), pp. 27-54.   DOI
57 Bandura, A. 1997. "Self-efficacy: The exercise of control," New York: Freeman.
58 Baron, R. A., 2000. "Psychological Perspectives on Entrepreneurship: Cognitive and Social Factors in Entrepreneurs Success," Current Directions in Psychological Science (9), pp. 15-19.   DOI
59 Scheier, M. F., and Carver, C. S. 1985. "Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies," Health Psychology (4), pp. 219-247.   DOI
60 Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., and Bridges, M. W. 2001. "Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.)," Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice, Washington DC: APA, pp. 198-216.
61 Shepherd, D.A., Covin, J.G., and Kuratko, D.F. 2009. "Project failure from corporate entrepreneurship: Managing the grief process," Journal of Business Venturing (24:6), pp. 588-600.   DOI
62 Snyder, C. Richard. 2002. "Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind," Psychological Inquiry (13:4), pp. 249-275.   DOI
63 Terzino, Kari A., 2010. "Self-forgiveness for interpersonal and intrapersonal transgressions," Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11470.
64 Memili, E.,Welsh, D. H. B., and Luthans, F. 2013. "Going beyond research on goal setting: a proposed role for organizational psychological capital of family firms," Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice (37:6), pp. 1289-1296.   DOI
65 Busenitz, L., and Barney, J. 1997. "Differences between entrepreneurs and managers in large organizations: Biases and heuristics in strategic decision-making," Journal of Business Venturing (12), pp. 9-30.   DOI
66 Busenitz, L. and Lau, C. 1996. "A cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (20:4), pp. 25-39.   DOI
67 Buyl, T., Boone, C., and Wade, J. B. 2017. "CEO narcissism, risk-taking, and resilience: An empirical analysis in US commercial banks," Journal of Management, 0149206317699521.
68 Markman, G.D., Baron, R.A. and Balkin, D.B. 2005, "Are perseverance and self-efficacy costless? Assessing entrepreneurs' regretful thinking," Journal of Organizational Behavior (26:1), pp. 1-19.   DOI
69 Masterson, J. 1981. "The narcissistic and borderline disorders: An integrated developmental approach," New York: Brunner/Mazel.
70 Mathieu, C., and St-Jean, E. 2013. "Entrepreneurial personality: The role of narcissism," Personality and Individual Differences (55:5), pp. 527-531.   DOI
71 Miller, J. D., and Campbell, W. K. 2010. "The case for using research on trait narcissism as a building block for understanding narcissistic personality disorder," Personality Disorders: Theory, research, and treatment (1:3), pp. 180-191.   DOI
72 Campbell, J. P. 1990. "Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology, " In M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial organizational psychology (1), Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, pp. 687-732.
73 Thompson, E. R. 2009. "Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (33:3), pp. 669-694.   DOI
74 Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., ... and Roberts, D. E. 2005. "Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations," Journal of Personality 73(2), pp. 313-360.   DOI
75 Tsai, Kuen-Hung, Hui-Chen Chang, and Chen-Yi Peng. 2014. "Extending the Link Between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Intention: A Moderated Mediation Model," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal (1), pp. 1-19.
76 Cacciotti, G., Hayton, J. C., Mitchell, J. R., and Allen, D. G. 2015. "Entrepreneurial fear of failure: scale development and validation (summary)," Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (35:4), p. 4.
77 Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., and Kritikos, A. S. 2014. "Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self-employed," Small Business Economics (42:4), pp. 787-814.   DOI
78 Campbell, W. K., Goodie, A. S., and Foster, J. D. 2004. "Narcissism, confidence, and risk attitude," Journal of Behavioral Decision making (17:4), pp. 297-311.   DOI
79 Cardon, M.S., Foo, M.D., Shepherd, D.A., and Wiklund, J. 2012. "Exploring the heart: Entrepreneurial emotion is a hot topic," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (36:1), pp. 1-10.   DOI
80 Carpenter, T. P., Tignor, S. M., Tsang, J. A., and Willett, A. 2016. Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt-and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies," Personality and Individual Differences (98), pp. 53-61.   DOI
81 Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., Kidwell, J. E. M., and Worthington, E. L., Jr. 2014. "Efficacy of psychotherapeutic interventions to promote forgiveness: A meta-analysis," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (82), pp. 154-170.   DOI
82 Walter, S. G., Heinrichs, S., and Walter, A. 2014. "Parent hostility and spin-out performance," Strategic Management Journal (35:13), pp. 2031-2042.   DOI
83 Wang, C.K. and Wong, P. K. 2004. "Entrepreneurial interest of university students in Singapore," Technovation (24:2), pp. 163-172.   DOI
84 김혜원, 황금주. 2015. "공정무역 커피 소비자들의 재 구매의도에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 연구," 마케팅관리연구 (20:3), pp. 1-29.
85 김계수. 2005. "인터넷 커뮤니티 서비스와 E-가치창출 전략: 구조방정식 모형분석-개인형 홈페이지 서비스를 중심으로," 경영학연구 (34:4), pp. 1101-1123.
86 강선자, 변상해. 2017. 예비창업자의 심리적 특성, 창업준비 특성이 창업의도에 미치는 영향. 벤처창업연구 (12:4), pp. 85-96.
87 권상집. 2017. "리더의 의사소통 유형이 직무성과와 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향: 긍정심리자본의 매개효과를 중심으로," 지식경영연구 (18:1), pp. 25-47.   DOI
88 우종필. 2012, 구조방정식모델 개념과 이해, 서울, 한나래 아카데미.
89 윤방섭. 2004. "창업 의지의 결정요인: 개인특성 및 환경요인," 산학경영연구 (17:2), pp. 89-110.
90 최진숙, 황금주. 2018. "중소기업 최고경영자 (CEO 및 임원) 의 커리어 야망과 자기자비가 혁신행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구," 벤처창업연구 (13:2), pp. 139-158.
91 허경옥. 2016. "대학생의 창업환경, 기업 및 기업규제에 대한 태도가 창업선호도에 미치는 영향 구조 분석," 한국창업학회지 (11), pp. 41-66.
92 홍세희. 2000. 특별기고, "구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거," 한국심리학회지: 임상 (19:1), pp. 161-177.
93 Weiss, H.M. and Cropanzano, R. 1996. "Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw, L. L. Cummings (Eds.)," Research in organizational behavior (18), San Fancisco:JAI Press, pp. 1.-74.
94 Weiner, B. 1986. "An attributional theory of motivation and emotion," New York: Springer-Verlag.
95 Weiner, B., and Graham, S. 1984. "An attributional approach to emotional development. Emotions," Cognition, and Behavior, pp. 167-191.
96 Weiner, B., Graham, S., Peter, O., and Zmuidinas, M. 1991. "Public confession and forgiveness," Journal of Personality (59:2), pp. 281-312.   DOI
97 Welpe, I.M., Sporrle, M., Grichnik, D., Michl, T., and Audretsch, D.B. 2012. "Emotions and opportunities: The interplay of opportunity evaluation, fear, joy, and anger as antecedent of entrepreneurial exploitation," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (36:1), pp. 69-96.   DOI
98 Wenzel, M., Woodyatt, L., and Hedrick, K. 2012. "No genuine self-forgiveness without accepting responsibility: Value reaffirmation as a key to maintaining positive self-regard," European Journal of Social Psychology (42:5), pp. 617-627.   DOI
99 Duchon, Dennis and Burns, Michael. 2008. "Organizational Narcissism," Management Department Faculty Publications (91).
100 Douglas, E. J., and Shepherd, D. A. 2002. "Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (26:3), pp. 81-90.   DOI
101 Dushnitsky, Gary. 2010. "Entrepreneurial Optimism in the Market for Technological Inventions," Organization Science 21(1), pp. 150-167.   DOI
102 Eccles, J. S., and Wigfield, A. 2002. "Motivational beliefs, values, and goals," Annual Review of Psychology (53:1), pp. 109-132.   DOI
103 El Baroudi, S., Fleisher, C., Khapova, S. N., Jansen, P., and Richardson, J. 2017. "Ambition at work and career satisfaction: The mediating role of taking charge behavior and the moderating role of pay," Career Development International (22:1), pp. 87-102.   DOI
104 Elchardus, M., and Smits, W. 2008. "The vanishing flexible: Ambition, self-realization and flexibility in the career perspectives of young Belgian adults," Work, Employment and Society (22:2), pp. 243-262.   DOI
105 Emmons, R. A. 1987. "Narcissism: Theory and measurement," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (52), pp. 11-17.   DOI
106 Engle, R.L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J.V., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., He, X., Buame, S., and Wolff, B. 2010. "Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve-country evaluation of Ajzen's model of planned behavior," International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research (16:1), pp. 36-58.
107 Rhodewalt, F., and Morf, C. C. 1995. "Self and interpersonal correlates of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A review and new findings," Journal of Research in Personality (29:1), pp. 1-23.   DOI
108 Raskin, R., and Novacek, J. 1989. "An MMPI description of the narcissistic personality," Journal of Personality Assessment (53:1), pp. 66-80.   DOI
109 Rey, L., and Extremera, N. 2014. "Positive psychological characteristics and interpersonal forgiveness: Identifying the unique contribution of emotional intelligence abilities, Big Five traits, gratitude and optimism," Personality and Individual differences (68), pp. 199-204.   DOI
110 Rhodewalt, F., Madrian, J. C., and Cheney, S. 1998. "Narcissism, self-knowledge organization, and emotional reactivity: The effect of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect," Personality a nd Social Psychology Bulletin (24:1), pp. 75-87.   DOI
111 Roche, M. and Haar, J.M. 2013. "Leaders life aspirations and job burnout: a self-determination theory approach," Leadership and Organization Development Journal (34: 6), pp. 515-531.   DOI
112 Ross, S. R., Kendall, A. C., Matters, K. G., Wrobel, T. A., and Rye, M. S. 2004. "A personological examination of self and other-forgiveness in the Five Factor Model," Journal of Personality Assessment (82:2), pp. 207-214.   DOI
113 Scherer, M. 2010. "Forgiveness and the Bottle: Promoting Self-forgiveness with Alcohol Misuse," Virginia Commonwealth University, Doctor of Philosophy.
114 Schneider, B. 1987. "The people make the place," Personnel Psychology (40), pp. 437-453.   DOI
115 Hill, P. L., and Allemand, M. 2010. "Forgivingness and adult patterns of individual differences in environmental mastery and personal growth," Journal of Research in Personality (44:2), pp. 245-250.   DOI
116 Enright, R.D. 1996. "Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving forgiveness, and self-forgiveness," Counseling and Values (40:2), pp. 107-127.   DOI
117 Hedner, T., Abouzeedan, A. and Klofsten, M. 2011. "Entrepreneurial resilience," Annals of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2:1), pp. 79-86.
118 Henderson, R., and Robertson, M. 1999. "Who wants to be an entrepreneur? Young adult attitudes to entrepreneurship as a career," Education+ Training (41:5), pp. 236-245.   DOI
119 Hermans, J., Vanderstraeten, J., Dejardin, M., Ramdani, D., Stam, E., and van Witteloostuijn, A. 2012. "Ambitious entrepreneurship: antecedents and consequences,"
120 Hermans, J., Vanderstraeten, J., van Witteloostuijn, A., Dejardin, M., Ramdani, D., and Stam, E. 2015. "Ambitious entrepreneurship: A review of growth aspirations, intentions, and expectations," In Entrepreneurial growth: Individual, firm, and region, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 127-160.
121 Hirschi, A., and Jaensch, V. K. 2015. "Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators," Personality and Individual Differences (77), pp. 205-208.   DOI
122 Hodkinson, P. and Sparkes, A. 1997. "'Careership: A Sociological Theory of Career Decision Making," British Journal of Sociology of Education (18:1), pp. 9-44.
123 Hogan, R., and Chamorro-Premuzic, T. 2015. "Personality and career success. Handbook of personality processes and individual differences," Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
124 Begley, T. M., and D. P. Boyd. 1987. "A comparison of entrepreneurs and managers of small business firms," Journal of Management (13:1), pp. 99-108.   DOI
125 Peterson, C., and Seligman, M. E. 2004. "Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (1)," Oxford University Press.
126 Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer-Jarz, D. A., and Breitenecker, R. J. 2009. "The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students' entrepreneurial intent: An Austrian perspective," Education+ Training (51:4), pp. 272-291.   DOI
127 Baron, R. A., Franklin, R. J., and Hmieleski, K. M. 2016. "Why entrepreneurs often experience low, not high, levels of stress: The joint effects of selection and psychological capital," Journal of Management (42:3), pp. 742-768.   DOI
128 Baron, R.A., Hmieleski, K.M., and Henry, R.A. 2012. "Entrepreneurs' dispositional positive affect: The potential benefits-and potential costs-of being "up," Journal of Business Venturing (27:3), pp. 310-324.   DOI
129 Baron, R. A. 2010. "Job design and entrepreneurship: Why closer connections = mutual gains," Journal of Organizational Behavior (30), pp. 1-10.
130 Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., and Judge, T. A. 2001. "Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?," International Journal of Selection and Assessment (9:(1-2), pp. 9-30.   DOI
131 Bird, B. 1988. "Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention," Academy of Management Review (J:3), pp. 442-453.   DOI
132 Pruett, M. 2012, "Entrepreneurship education: Workshops and entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Education for Business, (87), pp. 94-101.   DOI
133 Holland, J. L. 1997. "Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments," Psychological Assessment Resources.
134 Peterson, S.J. and Byron, K. 2008. "Exploring the role of hope in job performance: results from four studies," Journal of Organizational Behavior (29: 6), pp. 785-803.   DOI
135 Peterson, S. J., Van Tongeren, D. R., Womack, S. D., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., and Griffin, B. J. 2017. "The benefits of self-forgiveness on mental health: Evidence from correlational and experimental research," The Journal of Positive Psychology (12:2), pp. 159-168.   DOI
136 Pittaway, L., and Cope, J. 2007. "Entrepreneurship education - A systematic review of the evidence," International Small Business Journal (25:5), pp. 479-510.   DOI
137 Preacher, K. J., and Hayes, A. F. 2008. "Asymptotic and re sampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models," Behavior Research Methods (40:3), pp. 879-891.   DOI
138 Peng, J., Jiang, X., Zhang, J., Xiao, R., Song, Y., Feng, X., Zhang, Y. and Miao, D. 2013. "The impact of psychological capital on job burnout of Chinese nurses: The mediator role of organizational commitment," PLoS One (8:1), pp. 13-27.
139 Perez-Lopez, M. C., Gonzalez-Lopez, M. J., and Rodriguez-Ariza, L. 2016. "Competencies for entrepreneurship as a career option in a challenging employment environment," Career Development International, 21(3), pp. 214-229.   DOI
140 Raskin, Robert N. and Calvin S. Hall 1979, "A narcissistic personality inventory," Psychological Reports (45:2), p. 590.   DOI
141 Bullough, A., Renko, M., and Myatt, T. 2014. "Danger zone entrepreneurs: The importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (38:3), pp. 473-499.   DOI
142 Boyd, D.P., Gumpert, D.E., 1983. "Coping with entrepreneurial stress," Harvard Business Review (61), pp. 44-64.
143 Braidford, P., Drummond, I., and Stone, I. 2017. "The impact of personal attitudes on the growth ambitions of small business owners," Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development (24:4), pp. 850-862   DOI
144 Bullough, A. and Renko, M. 2013, "Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times," Business Horizons (56:3), pp. 343-350.   DOI
145 Timmons, J. A. 1994. "New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century," Irwin McGraw Hill, Illinois. Fourth Edition.
146 Treveylan, R. 2008. "Optimism, over confidence and entrepreneurial activity," Management Decision (46:7), pp. 986-1001.   DOI
147 Tugade, M., and Fredrickson, B. 2007. "Regulation of positive emotions: Emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience," Journal of Happiness Studies (8:3), pp. 311-333.   DOI
148 Ucbasaran, D., Shepherd, D.A., Lockett, A., and Lyon, J. 2013. "Life after business failure," Journal of Management (39), pp. 163-202.
149 Ugwu, C. C. and J. O. Okojie. 2016. "Human resource management (HRM) practices and work engagement in Nigeria: The mediating role of psychological capital (PSYCAP)," International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review (6:4). pp. 71-87.
150 Capstick, S., Green, J. A., and Beresford, R. 2007. "Choosing a course of study and career in pharmacy-student attitudes and intentions across three years at a New Zealand School of Pharmacy," Pharmacy Education (7).
151 Viinikainen, J., Heineck, G., Bockerman, P. , Hintsanen, M., Raitakari, O., and Pehkonen, J. 2017. "Born entrepreneurs? Adolescents' personality characteristics and entrepreneurship in adulthood," Journal of Business Venturing Insights (8), pp. 9-12.   DOI
152 Umukoro, O. S., and Okurame, D. E. 2017. "Exogenous determinants of entrepreneurial intuition and the mediatory role of psychological capital among potential youth entrepreneurs," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research (7:1), p. 19.   DOI
153 Uzun, B., Ferrari, J. R., and LeBlanc, S. 2018. "Put Aside Procrastination: Positive Emotional Outcomes from Self-Forgiveness for Delays," North American Journal of Psychology (20:1), pp. 171-186.
154 Van Gelderen, M., R. Thurik and N. Bosma. 2006. "Success and Risk Factors in the Pre-Startup Phase," Small Business Economics (26:4), pp. 319-335.   DOI
155 Vroom, V. H. 1964. "Work and motivation," New York, NY: Wiley.
156 Cetin, F., and Basim, H. N. 2012. "Organizational psychological capital: A scale adaptation study," Amme Idaresi Dergisi (45:1), pp. 121-137.
157 Cassar, G. 2007. "Money, money, money? A longitudinal investigation of entrepreneur career reasons, growth preferences and achieved growth," Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (19), pp. 89-107.   DOI
158 Carsrud, A. and Brannback, M. 2011. "Entrepreneurial motivations: What do we still need to know?," Journal of Small Business Management (49:1), pp. 9-26.   DOI
159 Carver, C.S. and Scheier, M.F. 1990. "Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control process view," Psychological Review (97:1), pp. 19-35.   DOI
160 Chang-Hyun Jin. 2017. "The effect of psychological capital on start-up intention among young startup entrepreneurs: A cross-cultural comparison," Chinese Management Studies (4:1), pp. 707-729.
161 Chatterjee, N., and Das, N. 2015. "Key psychological factors as predictors of entrepreneurial success: A conceptual framework," Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal (21:1), pp. 102.
162 Cheavens, J. S., Cukrowicz, K. C., Hansen, R., and Mitchell, S. M. 2016. "Incorporating resilience factors into the interpersonal theory of suicide: The role of hope and self-forgiveness in an older adult sample," Journal of Clinical Psychology (72:1), pp. 58-69.   DOI
163 Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., and Crick, A. 1998. "Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?," Journal of business venturing (13:4), pp. 295-316.   DOI
164 Fayolle, A., and Linan, F. 2014. "The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Business Research, (67:5), pp. 663-666.   DOI
165 Erkutlu, H. 2014. "Exploring the moderating effect of psychological capital on the relationship between narcissism and psychological well-being," Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (150), pp. 1148-1156.   DOI
166 Espiritu-Olmos, R., and Sastre-Castillo, M. A. 2015. "Personality traits versus work values: Comparing psychological theories on entrepreneurial intention," Journal of Business Research (68:7), pp. 1595-1598.   DOI
167 Fang He, V., Siren, C., Singh, S., Solomon, G., and von Krogh, G. 2018. "Keep calm and carry on: Emotion regulation in entrepreneurs' learning from failure," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice (42:4), pp. 605-630.   DOI
168 Farwell, L., and Wohlwend-Lloyd, R. 1998. "Narcissistic processes: Optimistic expectations, favorable self-evaluations, and self-enhancing attributions," Journal of personality (66:1), pp. 65-83.   DOI
169 Wilson, F., Kickul, J. and Marlino, D. 2007. "Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: implications for entrepreneurship education" Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice (31: 3), pp. 387-406.   DOI
170 Willis, S., Shann, P., and Hassell, K. 2006. "Report 4: Early choices questionnaire. Analysis of the questionnaire. Studying pharmacy: Who, when, how, why? What next? Centre for Pharmacy Workforce Studies, Manchester University, Summary report available in Academic Pharmacy Group Newsletter (2006), Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (19:1), pp. 11-12.
171 Wmpgc, W., and Gunatissa, H. H. A. J. 2014. "Antecedents of entrepreneurial intention (With reference to undergraduates of UWU, Sri Lanka)," International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, November (4:11), pp. 1-5.
172 Wohl, M. J., Pychyl, T. A., and Bennett, S. H. 2010. "I forgive myself, now I can study: How self-forgiveness for procrastinating can reduce future procrastination," Personality and Individual Differences (48:7), pp. 803-808.   DOI
173 Wohl, M. J. A., Wahkinney, R. L. and DeShea, L. 2008. Looking within: Measuring state self-forgiveness and its relationship to psychological well-being," Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science (40: 1), pp. 1-10.   DOI
174 Woodyatt, L., Wenzel, M., and Ferber, M. 2017. "Two pathways to self-forgiveness: A hedonic path via self-compassion and a eudaimonic path via the reaffirmation of violated values," British Journal of Social Psychology (56:3), pp. 515-536.   DOI
175 Worthington, E. L., Jr., and Wade, N. G. 1999. "The psychology of un forgiveness and forgiveness and implications for clinical practice," Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (18), pp. 385-418.   DOI
176 Worthington, E.L., Jr. 2006. "Forgiveness and reconciliation: Theory and application," New York: Brunner-Routledge.
177 Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. 1981. "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error," Journal of Marketing Research, pp. 39-50.
178 Ferreira, J. J., M. L. Raposo, R. Gouveia Rodrigues, A. Dinis and A. do Paco. 2012, "A Model of Entrepreneurial Intention: An Application of the psychological and behavioral approaches," Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development (19:3), pp. 424-440.   DOI
179 Fincham, F. D. 2000. "The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving," Personal Relationships 7(1), pp. 1-23.   DOI
180 Fincham, F. D., Paleari, F. G., and Regalia, C. 2002. "Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy," Personal Relationships (9:1), pp. 27-37.   DOI
181 Judge, T. A., and Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. 2012, "On the value of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition," Journal of Applied Psychology (97:4), pp. 758-775.   DOI
182 Jensen, S.M., and Luthans, F. 200). "Relationship between entrepreneurs' psychological capital and their authentic leadership," Journal of Managerial Issues (28), pp. 254-273.
183 Jones, A. B., Sherman, R. A., and Hogan, R. T. 2017. "Where is ambition in factor models of personality?," Personality and Individual Differences (106), pp. 26-31.   DOI
184 Judge, T. A., and Kristof-Brown, A. 2004. "Personality, interactional psychology, and person-organization fit," Personality and Organizations, pp. 87-109.
185 Judge, T. A., and Locke, E. A. 1993. "Effect of dysfunctional thought processes on subjective well-being and job satisfaction," Journal of Applied Psychology (78:3), pp. 475.-490.   DOI
186 Johnson, S. L., Leedom, L. J., and Muhtadie, L. 2012. "The dominance behavioral system and psychopathology: Evidence from self-report, observational, and biological studies," Psychological Bulletin (138:4), p. 692.   DOI
187 Chng, D. H. M., and Wang, J. C. Y. 2016. "An experimental study of the interaction effects of incentive compensation, career ambition, and task attention on Chinese managers' strategic risk behaviors," Journal of Organizational Behavior (37:5), pp. 19-737.
188 Choi, Y. 2018. "Narcissism and Social Media Addiction in Workplace. The Journal of Asian Finance," Economics and Business (5:2), pp. 95-104.   DOI
189 Clarke, I. E., Karlov, L., and Neale, N. J. 2015. "The many faces of narcissism: Narcissism factors and their predictive utility," Personality and Individual Differences (81), pp. 90-95.   DOI
190 Judge, T. A., LePine, J. A., and Rich, B. L. 2006. "Loving yourself abundantly: relationship of the narcissistic personality to self-and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance," Journal of Applied Psychology (91:4), pp. 762-776.   DOI
191 Kets de Vries, M. F. R. 1996. "The anatomy of the entrepreneur: Clinical observations," Human Relations (49), pp. 853-883.   DOI
192 Karabulut, A. T. 2016. "Personality traits on entrepreneurial intention," Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (229), pp. 12-21.   DOI
193 Kim, J. J., and Enright, R. D. 2014. "A theological and psychological defense of self-forgiveness: Implications for counseling," Journal of Psychology and Theology (42:3), pp. 260-268.   DOI
194 Dalborg, C., von Friedrichs, Y., and Wincent, J. 2015. "Risk perception matters: why women' s passion may not lead to a business start-up," International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship (7:1), pp. 87-104.   DOI
195 Contreras, F., de Dreu, I., and Espinosa, J. C. 2017. Examining the Relationship between Psychological Capital and Entrepreneurial Intention: An Exploratory Study," Asian Social Science (13:3), p. 80.   DOI
196 Cornish, M. A., and Wade, N. G. 2015. "A therapeutic model of self-forgiveness with intervention strategies for counselors," Journal of Counseling and Development (93:1), pp. 96-104.   DOI
197 Crant, J. M. 1996. "The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions," Journal of Small Business Management (34:3), pp. 42.49.
198 Davidsson P. 1995. "Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions," Paper prepared for the RENT IX Workshop, Piacenza, Italy, Nov, pp. 23-24.
199 De Meza, David, and Clive Southey. 1996. "The Borrower's Curse: Optimism, Finance and Entrepreneurship," The Economic Journal (106:435), pp. 375-386.   DOI
200 Douglas, E.J., Shepherd, D.A., 2000. "Entrepreneurship as a utility-maximizing response," Journal of Business Venturing (15), pp. 231-251.   DOI
201 Wu, S. and Wu. L. 2008. "The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in China," Journal of Small Business and Entreprise Development (15:4), pp. 752-774.   DOI
202 Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., and Schaufeli, W. B. 2007. "The role of personal resources in the job demands- resources model," International Journal of Stress Management (14), pp. 121-141.   DOI
203 Grant, A. M., and Ashford, S. J. 2008. "The dynamics of proactivity at work," Research in Organizational Behavior (28), pp. 3-34.   DOI
204 Gaddis, B., Connelly, S., and Mumford, M.D. 2004. "Failure feedback as an affective event: Influences of leader affect on subordinate attitudes and performance," The Leadership Quarterly (15:5), pp. 663-686.   DOI
205 Gerstner, W. C., Konig, A., Enders, A., and Hambrick, D. C. 2013. "CEO narcissism, audience engagement, and organizational adoption of technological discontinuities," Administrative Science Quarterly (58), pp. 257-291.   DOI