Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.215

An Overview of Fish-borne Nematodiases among Returned Travelers for Recent 25 Years- Unexpected Diseases Sometimes Far Away from the Origin  

Eiras, Jorge Costa (Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto)
Pavanelli, Gilberto Cezar (Unicesumar, Programa de pos-graduacao em Promocao da Saude)
Takemoto, Ricardo Massato (UEM, Nupelia)
Nawa, Yukifumi (Tropical Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University)
Publication Information
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases / v.56, no.3, 2018 , pp. 215-227 More about this Journal
Abstract
Along with globalization of traveling and trading, fish-borne nematodiases seems to be increasing in number. However, apart from occasional and sporadic case reports or mini-reviews of particular diseases in particular countries, an overview of fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers have never been performed. In this review, we gathered fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers for recent 25 years by an extensive global literature survey using appropriate keywords, e.g. travelers diseases, human infection, anisakiasis, gnathostomiasis, capillariasis, sushi, sashimi, ceviche, Gnathostoma, Pseudoterranova, Anisakis, Capillaria, etc., as well as various combinations of these key words. The Internet search engines PubMed, Medline, Google and Googler Scholar were used as much as possible, and the references of every paper were checked in order to identify useful and reliable publications. The results showed unexpectedly high incidence of gnathostomiasis and low incidence of anisakidosis. The different incidence values of the infection with several fish-borne zoonotic nematode species are discussed, as well as some epidemiological aspects of the infections. The difficulties of differential diagnosis in non-endemic countries are emphasized. It is concluded that travelers must avoid risky behaviors which can lead to infection and that physicians and health authorities must advice travelers on the risks of eating behaviors during travel.
Keywords
Fish-borne nematode; zoonosis; human infection; public health; traveler;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Cabrera R, Luna-Pineda MA, Suarez-Ognio L. New case of human infection by a Pseudoterranova decipiens larva (Nematode, Anisakidae) in Peru. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2003; 23: 217-220 (in Spanish).
2 Cabrera R, Del Pilar M, Altamirano T. Anisakidosis a marine parasitic zoonosis: unknown or emerging in Peru? Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2004; 24: 335-342 (in Spanish).
3 Daschner A, Cuellar C, Rodero M. The Anisakis allergy debate: does an evolutionary approach help? Trends Parasitol 2012; 28: 9-15.   DOI
4 Mattiucci S, Fazii P, De Rosa A, Paoletti M, Megna AS, Glielmo A, De Angelis M, Costa A, Meucci C, Calvaruso V, Sorrentini I, Palma G, Bruschi F, Nascetti G. Anisakiasis and gastroallergic reactions associated with Anisakis pegreffii infection, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 496-499.   DOI
5 Saichua P, Nithikathkul C, Kaewpitoon N. Human intestinal capillariasis in Thailand. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 506-510.   DOI
6 Youssef FG, Mikhail EM, Mansour NS. Intestinal capillariasis in Egypt: a case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 195-196.   DOI
7 Attia RA, Tolba ME, Yones DA, Bakir HY, Eldeek HE, Kamel S. Capillaria philippinensis in Upper Egypt: has it become endemic? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86: 126-133.   DOI
8 Hwang KP. Human intestinal capillariasis (Capillaria philippinensis) in Taiwan. Acta Paediatr Sinica 1998; 39: 82-85 (in Chinese).
9 Lu LA, Lin MR, Choi WM, Hwang KP, Hsu YH, Bair MJ, Liu JD, Wang TE, Liu TP, Chung WC. Human intestinal capillariasis (Capillaria philippinensis) in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74: 810-813.   DOI
10 UNWTO. UNWTO annual report 2016. [Internet]; Available from: http://media.unwto.org/publication/unwto-annual-report-2016.
11 McCarthy J, Moore TA. Emerging helminth zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30: 1351-1360.   DOI
12 Ryan ET, Wilson ME, Kain KC. Illness after international travel. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 505-516.   DOI
13 Steffen R, deBernardis C, Banos A. Travel epidemiology--a global perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 21: 89-95.   DOI
14 Chichino G, Bernuzzi AM, Bruno A, Cevini C, Atzori C, Malfitano A, Scaglia M. Intestinal capillariasis (Capillaria philippinensis) acquired in Indonesia: A case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992; 47: 10-12.   DOI
15 Chappuis F, Farinelli T, Loutan L. Ivermectin treatment of a traveler who returned from Peru with cutaneous gnathostomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: e17-e19.   DOI
16 Del Giudice P, Dellamonica P, Durant J, Rahelinrina V, Grobusch MP, Janitschke K, Dahan-Guedj A, Le Fichoux Y. A case of gnathostomiasis in a European traveler returning from Mexico. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145: 487-489.   DOI
17 Cross JH, Belizario V. Capillariasis. In Murrell KD, Fried B eds, Food Borne Parasitic Zoonoses. New York, USA. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007, pp 209-234.
18 Nawa Y, Katchanov J, Yoshikawa M, Rojekittikhun W, Decumyoy P, Kusolusuk T, Watanakulpanich D. Ocular gnathostomiasis: a comprehensive review. J Trop Med Parasitol 2010; 33: 77-86.
19 Katchanov J, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkol V, Nawa Y. Neurognathostomiasis, a neglected parasitosis of the central nervous system. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 1174-1180.   DOI
20 Diaz JH. Gnathostomiasis: an emerging infection of raw fish consumers in Gnathostoma nematode-endemic and nonendemic countries. J Travel Med 2015; 22: 328-324.   DOI
21 Cross JH. Intestinal capillariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5: 120-129.   DOI
22 Lamothe Argumedo R. Gnatostomiasis ocular humana. Casos registrados en todo el mundo entre 1937 y 2005. Rev Mex Oftalmol 2006; 80: 185-190 (in Spanish).
23 Nawa Y, Yoshikawa M, Sawanyawisuth K, Chotmongkol V, Figueiras SF, Benavides M, Camacho SPD. Ocular gnathostomiasis-update of earlier survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97: 1232-1234.   DOI
24 Chai JY, Darwin Murrell K, Lymbery AJ. Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: status and issues. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35: 1233-1254.   DOI
25 Murrell KD, Fried B eds. Food Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites. New York, USA. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
26 Conlan JV, Sripa B, Attwood S, Newton PN. A review of parasitic zoonoses in a changing Southeast Asia. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182: 22-40.   DOI
27 Grundy-Warr C, Andrews RH, Sithithaworn P, Petney TN, Sripa B, Laithavewat L, Ziegler AD. Raw attitudes, wetland cultures, life-cycles: socio-cultural dynamics relating to Opisthorchis viverrini in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int 2012; 61: 65-70.   DOI
28 Macpherson CN. Human behaviour and the epidemiology of parasitic zoonoses. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35: 1319-1331.   DOI
29 Broglia A, Kapel C. Changing dietary habits in a changing world: emerging drivers for the transmission of foodborne parasitic zoonoses. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182: 2-13.   DOI
30 Torgerson PR, Macpherson CN. The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: global trends. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182: 79-95.   DOI
31 Nyindo M, Lukambagire AH. Food-borne zoonotic trematodes: devious old flukes in an urbanized, global village. Pathogen Infect Dis 2016; 1: e1187.
32 Hochberg NS, Hamer DH, Hughes JM, Wilson ME. Anisakidosis: perils of the deep. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 806-812.   DOI
33 el Hassan EH, Mikhail WE. Malabsorption due to Capillaria philippinensis in an Egyptian woman living in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86: 79.   DOI
34 Fan Z, Huang Y, Qian S, Lv G, Chen Y, Yang B, Zhong S, Lin G, Yan G. Serious diarrhea with weight loss caused by Capillaria philippinensis acquired in China: a case report BMC Res Notes 2012; 5: 554-557.   DOI
35 Soukhathammavong P, Sayasone S, Harimanana AN, Akkhavong A, Thammasack S, Phoumindr N, Choumlivong K, Choumlivong K, Keoluangkhot V, Phongmany S, Akkhavong K, Hatz C, Strobel M, Odermatt P. Three cases of intestinal capillariasis in Lao People's Democratic Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008; 79: 735-738.   DOI
36 Hoghooghi-Rad N, Maraghi S, Narenj-Zadeh A. Capillaria philippinensis infection in Khoozestan Province, Iran: case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1987; 37: 135-137.   DOI
37 Dronda F, Chaves F, Sanz A, Lopez-Velez R. Human intestinal capillariasis in an area of nonendemicity: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 909-912.   DOI
38 Miyazaki I. On the genus Gnathostoma and human gnathostomiasis, with special reference to Japan. Exp Parasitol 1960; 9: 338-370.   DOI
39 Waikagul J, Diaz-Camacho SP. Gnathostomiasis. In Murrell KD, Fried B eds, Food-Borne Parasitic Zoonoses: Fish and Plant-Borne Parasites. New York, USA. Springer. 2007, pp 235-261.
40 Nawa Y, Maleewong W, Intapan PM, Diaz-Camacho SP. Gnathostoma. In Xiao L, Ryan U, Feng Y eds, Biology of Foodborne Parasites. Boca Raton, USA. CRC Press. 2015, pp 405-425.
41 Akahane H, Sano M, Kobayashi M. Three cases of human gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma hispidum, with particular reference to the identification of parasitic larvae. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998; 29: 611-614.
42 Herman JS, Chiodini PL. Gnathostomiasis, another emerging imported disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009; 22: 484-492.   DOI
43 Hennies F, Jappe U, Kapaun A, Enk A. Gnathostomiasis: import from Laos. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2006; 4: 414-416.   DOI
44 Yang JH, Kim M, Kim ES, Na BK, Yu SY, Kwak HW. Imported intraocular gnathostomiasis with subretinal tracks confirmed by western blot assay. Korean J Parasitol 2012; 50: 73-78.   DOI
45 Orduna TA, Lloveras SC, Echazarreta SE, Garro SL, Gonzalez GD, Falcone CC. Dermatosis de origen alimentario al regresso de un viaje: gnathostomiasis. Medicina (B Aires) 2013; 73: 558-561 (in Spanish).
46 Nawa Y, Hatz C, Blum J. Sushi delights and parasites: the risk of fishborne and foodborne parasitic zoonoses in Asia. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 1297-1303.   DOI
47 Rusnak JM, Lucey DR. Clinical gnathostomiasis: case report and review of the English-language literature. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 33-50.   DOI
48 Houston S. Gnathostomiasis: report of a case and brief review. Can J Infect Dis 1994; 5: 125-129.   DOI
49 Clement-Rigolet MC, Danis M, Caumes E. La gnathostomose, une maladie exotique de plus en plus souvent importee dans les pays occidentaux. Presse Medi 2004; 33: 1527-1532 (in French).   DOI
50 Nawa Y, Nakamura-Uchiyama F. An overview of gnathostomiasis in the world. Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004; 35(suppl): 87-91.
51 Ligon BL. Gnathostomiasis: a review of a previously localized zoonosis now crossing numerous geographical boundaries. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2005; 16: 137-143.   DOI
52 Torres P, Jercic MI, Weitz JC, Dobrew EK, Mercado RA. Human pseudoterranovosis, an emerging infection in Chile. J Parasitol 2007; 93: 440-443.   DOI
53 Robinson MW, & Dalton JP. Zoonotic helminth infections with particular emphasis on fasciolosis and other trematodiases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364: 2763-2776.   DOI
54 Toledo R, Esteban JG, Fried B. Current status of food-borne trematode infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31: 1705-1718.   DOI
55 Audicana MT, Kennedy MW. Anisakis simplex: from obscure infectious worm to inducer of immune hypersensitivity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21: 360-379.   DOI
56 Lim H, Jung BK, Cho J, Yooyen T, Shin EH, Chai JY. Molecular diagnosis of cause of anisakiasis in humans, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015; 21: 342-344.   DOI
57 Sohn WM, Na BK, Kim TH, Park TJ. Anisakiasis: report of 15 gastric cases caused by Anisakis type I larvae and a brief review of Korean anisakiasis cases. Korean J Parasitol 2015; 53: 465-470.   DOI
58 Subhedar V, Nandedkar S, Jain M, Bajpai T. Gnathostomiasis: a rare case of cutaneous creeping eruptions. Indian J Dermatopathol Diagn Dermatol 2014; 1: 32-34.   DOI
59 Hung NM1, Madsen H, Fried B. Global status of fish-borne zoonotic trematodiasis in humans. Acta parasitol 2013; 58: 231-258.
60 Couture C, Measures L, Gagnon J, Desbiens C. Human intestinal anisakiosis due to consumption of raw salmon. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 1167-1172.   DOI
61 Yagi K, Nagasawa K, Nakagawa A, Sato N, Kikuchi K, Ishikura H. Female worm Hysterothylacium aduncum excreted from human: a case report. Jpn J Parasitol 1996; 45: 12-23.
62 Gonzalez-Amores Y, Clavijo-Frutos E, Salas-Casanova C, Alcain-Martinez G. Direct parasitological diagnosis of infection with Hysterothylacium aduncum in a patient with epigastralgia. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2015; 107: 699-700.
63 Shamsi S, Butcher AR. First report of human anisakidosis in Australia. Med J Aust 2011; 194: 199-200.
64 Eberhard ML, Ruiz-Tiben E. Cutaneous emergence of Eustrongylides in two persons from South Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90: 315-317.   DOI
65 Agrawal R, Kumar P, Mishra PR, Gupta R, Premi HK. Dioctophyma renale: a chance finding on bladder catheterisation of a pregnant female. Indian J Med Case Reports 2014; 3: 70-72.
66 da Cruz AR, de Sousa Souto PC, Ferrari CKB, Allegretti SM, Arrais-Silva WW. Endoscopic imaging of the first clinical case of anisakidosis in Brazil. Sci Parasitol 2010; 11: 97-100.
67 Fukita Y, Asaki T, Katakura Y. Some like it raw: an unwanted result of a sushi meal. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: e8-e9.
68 Imataki O, Bandoh S, Kawakami K, Uemura M. The leading seafood cuisine of anisakidosis in Japan. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62: 1612-1613.   DOI
69 Kapral C, Haditsch M, Wewalka F, Schatzlmayr W, Lenz K, Auer H. The first case of anisakiasis acquired in Austria. Z Gastroenterol 2009; 47: 1059-1061 (in German).   DOI
70 Plath F, Holle A, Zendeh D, Moller FW, Barten M, Reisinger EC, Liebe S. Anisakiasis of the stomach--a case report from Germany. Z Gastroenterol 2001; 39: 177-180 (in German).   DOI
71 Shin EH, Guk SM, Kim HJ, Lee SH, Chai JY. Trends in parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea. Trends Parasitol 2008; 24: 143-150.   DOI
72 Cha HJ, Ock MS. Anisakidosis in Korea; Changes over the last decade. Kosin Med J 2012; 27: 73-78.   DOI
73 Hong ST, Kim YT, Choe G, Min YI, Cho SH, Kim JK, Kook J, Chai JY, Lee SH. Two cases of intestinal capillariasis in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 1994; 31: 43-48.
74 Sakoda H, Nakanishi T, Kishino B, Fushimi H, Kameyama M. Intestinal capillariasis infected in a Southeast Asian country -A case report- Naika (Int Med) 1992; 69: 178-180 (in Japanese).
75 Sakabe S, Fujinaga K, Tsuji N, Ito N, Umino A, Taniguchi M, Mizutani M, Tamaki S, Tanigawa M, Tsuji K, Sato H. Marked hypoalbuminemia caused by Capillaria philippinensis. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 96: 2282-2283 (in Japanese).   DOI
76 Lee SH, Hong ST, Chai JY, Kim WH, Kim YT, Song IS, Kim, SW, Choi BI, Cross JH. A case of intestinal capillariasis in the Republic of Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993; 48: 542-546.   DOI
77 Jung WT, Kim HJ, Min HJ, Ha CY, Kim HJ, Ko GH, Na BK, Sohn WM. An indigenous case of intestinal capillariasis with protein-losing enteropathy in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2012; 50: 333-337.   DOI
78 Kwon Y, Jung HY, Ha HK, Lee I. An imported case of intestinal capillariasis presenting as protein-losing enteropathy Korean J Pathol 2000; 34: 235-238 (in Korean).
79 Lee SH, Rhee PL, Lee JH, Lee KT, Le JK, Sim SG, Lee SK, Kim JJ, Ko KC, Paik SW, Rhee JC, Choi KW, Lee NY, Cho SL, Ryu KH. A case of intestinal capillariasis: fourth case report in Korea. Korean J Gastroenterol 1999; 34: 542-546 (in Korean).   DOI
80 Ha M, Jun DH, Kim JH, Kim YJ, Kwon KA, Park DK, Ku YS. Intestinal capillariasis diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy. Clin Endosc 2013; 46: 675-678.   DOI
81 Weitzel T, Sugiyama H, Yamasaki H, Ramirez C, Rosas R, Mercado R. Human infections with Pseudoterranova cattani nematodes, Chile. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21: 1874.   DOI
82 Cowie RH. Pathways for transmission of angiostrongyliasis and the risk of disease associated with them. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2013; 72(Suppl): 70-74.
83 Thobois S, Broussolle E, Aimard G, Chazot G. Ingestion of raw fish: a cause of eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis after a trip to Tahiti. Presse Medi 1996; 25: 508 (in French).
84 Mercado R, Torres P, Munoz V, Apt W. Human infection by Pseudoterranova decipiens (Nematoda, Anisakidae) in Chile: report of seven cases. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96: 653-655.   DOI
85 Torres P, Jercic MI, Weitz JC, Dobrew EK, Mercado RA. Human pseudoterranovosis, an emerging infection in Chile. J Parasitol 2007; 93: 440-443.   DOI
86 Sohn WM, Kang JM, Na BK. Molecular analysis of Anisakis type I larvae in marine fish from three different sea areas in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2014; 52: 383-389.   DOI
87 Eberhard ML. Dioctophymiasis and Eustrongylidiasis. In Connor DH, Chandler FW, Manz HJ, Schwartzl DA, Lacks EE eds, Pathology of Infectious Diseases. Stamford, USA. Appleton & Lange. 1997.
88 Vasantha PL, Girish N, Leela KS. Human intestinal capillariasis: a rare case report from non-endemic area (Andhra Pradesh, India). Indian J Med Microbiol 2012; 30: 236-239   DOI
89 Pal M, Seid H, Giro B, Wakjira B, Abdo J. Gnathostomiasis - An emerging nematodal zoonotic disease. Int J Livest Res 2013; 3: 12-17.   DOI
90 Daengsvang S. Human gnathostomiasis in Siam with reference to the method of prevention. J Parasitol 1949; 35: 116-121.   DOI
91 Guerin PF, Marapendi S, MC GRAIL L. Intestinal perforation caused by larval Eustrongylides. Morb Mort Week Rep 1982; 31: 383-389.
92 Gunby P. One worm in the minnow equals too many in the gut. JAMA 1982; 248: 163.   DOI
93 Wittner M, Turner JW, Jacquette G, Ash LR, Salgo MP, Tanowitz HB. Eustrongylidiasis: a parasitic infection acquired by eating sushi. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1124-1126.   DOI
94 Eberhard ML, Hurwitz H, Sun AM, Coletta D. Intestinal perforation caused by larval Eustrongylides (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidae) in New Jersey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989; 40: 648-650.   DOI
95 Narr LL, O'Donnell JG, Libster B, Alessi P, Abraham D. Eustrongylidiasis--a parasitic infection acquired by eating live minnow. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1996; 96: 400-402.
96 Beaver PC, Theis JH. Diocytophymatid larval nematode in a subcutaneous nodule from man in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979; 28: 206-212.   DOI
97 Develoux M, Dekumyoy P, Baygon E, Aractingi S. Imported gnathostomiasis acquired in Myanmar. Med Mal Infect 2006; 6: 340-342 (in French).
98 Norouzi R, Manochehri A, Hanifi M. A case report of human infection with Dioctophyma renale from Iran. Urol J 2017; 14: 3043-3045.
99 Katafigiotis I, Fragkiadis E, Pournaras C, Nonni A, Stravodimos KG. A rare case of a 39 year old male with a parasite called Dioctophyma renale mimicking renal cancer at the computed tomography of the right kidney. A case report. Parasito Int 2013; 62: 459-460.   DOI
100 Tokiwa T, Ueda W, Takatsuka S, Okawa K, Onodera M, Ohta N, Akao N. The first genetically confirmed case of Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda: Dioctophymatida) in a patient with a subcutaneous nodule. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:143-147.   DOI
101 Kim HS, Lee JJ, Joo M, Chang SH, Chi JG, Chai JY. Gnathostoma hispidum infection in a Korean man returning from China. Korean J Parasitol 2010; 48: 259-261.   DOI
102 Nagler A, Pollack S, Hassoun G, Kerner H, Barzilai D, Lengy J. Human pleuropulmonary gnathostomiasis: a case report from Israel. Isr J Med Sci 1983; 19: 834-837.
103 Chabasse D, Cauchy AC, de Gentile L, Bouchara JP. Human gnathostomiasis manifested by cutaneous larva migrans syndrome. Apropos of a case. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 1988; 81: 326-331.
104 Dow C, Chiodini PL, Haines AJ, Michelson SM. Human gnathostomiasis. J Infect 1988; 17: 147-149.   DOI
105 Lee SY, Hon ST, Chai JY. Description of a male Gnathostoma spinigerum recovered from a Thai woman with meningoeneephalitis. Korean J Parasitol 1988; 26: 33-38.   DOI
106 Germann R, Schachtele M, Nessler G, Seitz U, Kniehl E. Cerebral gnathostomiasis as a cause of an extended intracranial bleeding. Klin Pediatr 2003; 215: 223-225.   DOI
107 Grobusch MP, Bergmann F, Teichmann D, Klein E. Cutaneous gnathostomiasis in a woman from Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 2000; 4: 51-54.   DOI
108 Qahtani F, Deschenes J, Ali-Khan Z, Maclean JD, Codere F, Mansour M, Burnier M Jr. Intraocular gnathostomiasis: a rare Canadian case. Can J Ophthalmol 2000; 35: 35-39.   DOI
109 Lo Re V 3rd, Gluckman SJ. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Gnathostoma spinigerum. J Infect 2002; 45: 117-120.   DOI
110 Claesson BA, Ulleryd P, Woxenius S, Chaicumpa W. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Gnathostoma spinigerum in a Thai immigrant in Sweden. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004; 35 (suppl): 104-106.
111 Moore DA, McCroddan J, Dekumyoy P, Chiodini PL. Gnathostomiasis: an emerging imported disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 647-650.   DOI
112 Ansart S, Perez L, Vergely O, Danis M, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Illnesses in travelers returning from the tropics: a prospective study of 622 patients. J Travel Med 2005; 12: 312-318.
113 Ansart S, Perez L, Jaureguiberry S, Danis M, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Spectrum of dermatoses in 165 travelers returning from the tropics with skin diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 76: 184-186.   DOI
114 Crowley JJ, Kim YH. Cutaneous gnathostomiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 33: 825-828.   DOI
115 Sakamoto M, Sato F, Mizuno Y, Komatsuzaki M, Yoshikawa K, Yoshida M, Shiba K, Onodera S, Hosoya T, Kumagai M. Gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum etiologically diagnosed upon extraction of the worm from the skin. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2004; 78: 442-445 (in Japanese).   DOI
116 Ishiwata K, Camacho SP, Ogata K, Nakamura-Uchiyama F, Hiromatsu K, Nawa Y. Evaluation of the antigenic similarities of adult-worm extracts from three Gnathostoma species, using sera from Mexican and Japanese patients with Gnathostoma infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2003; 97: 629-637.   DOI
117 Olivan-Gonzalvo G. Gnatostomiasis tras un viaje a China para realizar una adopcion internacional. Med Clin (Barc.): 2006; 19: 758-759 (in Spanish).
118 Schmutzhard E. Eosinophilic myelitis, a souvenir from South East Asia. Pract Neurol 2007; 7: 48-51.
119 Nopparatana C, Setasuban P, Chaicumpa W, Tapchaisri P. Purification of Gnathostoma spinigerum specific antigen and immunodiagnosis of human gnathostomiasis. Int J Parasitol 1991; 21: 677-687.   DOI
120 Neumayr A, Ollague J, Bravo F, Gotuzzo E, Jimenez P, Norton SA, Doanh PN, Nawa Y, Horii Y, Nickel B, Marti H. Cross-reactivity pattern of Asian and American human Gnathostomiasis in western blot assays using crude antigens prepared from Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma binucleatum third-stage larvae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95: 413-416.   DOI
121 Shamsi S. Recent advances in our knowledge of Australian anisakid nematodes. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2014; 3: 178-187.   DOI
122 Verhamme MA, Ramboer CH. Anisakiasis caused by herring in vinegar: a little know medical problem. Gut 1988; 29: 843-847.   DOI
123 Berger S. Infectious Diseases of Israel-2011 Edition. Los Angerles, USA. GIDEON Information. 2011.
124 Auer H, Leskowschek H, Engler J, Leitner G, Wentzel C, Wolkerstorfer W, Schneider R. Epidemiologie und Nosologie der Anisakiose, einer in Mitteleuropa selten diagnostizierten Helminthozoonose- zwei Fallberichte. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007; 119 (suppl): 106-109 (in German).   DOI
125 Raturi U, Burkhalter W. Gnathostomiasis externa: a case report. J Hand Surg AM 1986; 11: 751-753.   DOI
126 Bair MJ, Hwang KP, Wang TE, Liou TC, Lin SC, Kao CR, Wang TY, Pang KK. Clinical features of human intestinal capillariasis in Taiwan. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10: 2391-2393   DOI
127 Nomura Y, Nagakura K, Kagei N, Tsutsumi Y, Araki K, Sugawara M. Gnathostomiasis possibly caused by Gnathostoma malaysiae. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2000; 25: 1-6.
128 Tudor RC, Blair E. Gnathostoma spinigerum: an unusual cause of ocular nematodiasis in the western hemisphere. Am J Ophthalmol 1971; 72: 185-190.   DOI
129 Theunissen C, Bottieau E, Van Gompel A, Siozopoulou V, Bradbury RS. Presumptive Gnathostoma binucleatum infection in a Belgian traveler returning from South America. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14: 170-171.   DOI
130 de Castro Dani CM, Mota KF, Sanchotene PV, Pineiro-Maceira J, Maia CPA. Gnatostomiase no Brasil - Relato de caso. An Brasil Dermatol 2009; 84: 400-404 (in Portuguese).   DOI
131 Jurado LF, Palacios DM, Lopez R, Baldion M, Matijasevic E. Gnatostomiasis cutanea, primer caso confirmado en Colombia. Biomedica 2015; 35: 462-470 (in Spanish).
132 Funata M, Custis P, de la Cruz Z, de Juan E, Green WR. Intraocular gnathostomiasis. Retina 1993; 13: 240-244.   DOI
133 Gorgolas M, Santos-O'Connor F, Unzu AL, Fernandez-Guerrero ML, Garate T, Troyas Guarch RM, Grobusch MP. Cutaneous and medullar gnathostomiasis in travelers to Mexico and Thailand. J Travel Med 2003; 10: 358-361.
134 Bae EH, Koh BK, Kim JW. A case of human gnathostomiasis successfully treated with Ivermectin. Ann Dermatol 2006; 18: 33-36.   DOI
135 Jelinek T, Ziegler M, Loscher T. Gnathostomiasis after a stay in Thailand. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1994; 119: 1618-1622 (in German).
136 Hughes AJ, Biggs BA. Parasitic worms in the central nervous system: an Australian perspective. Internal Med J 2002; 32: 541-553.   DOI
137 Chandenier J, Husson J, Canaple S, Gondry-Jouet C, Dekumyoy P, Danis M, Riveau G, Hennequin C, Rosa A, Raccurt CP. Medullary gnathostomiasis in a white patient: use of immunodiagnosis and magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: e154-e157.   DOI
138 Slevogt H, Grobush MP, Suttorp N. Gnathostomiasis without eosinophilia led to a 5 year-delay in diagnosis. J Travel Med 2006; 10: 196.   DOI
139 Bommer W. Excessive subcutaneous gnathostomosis after a six months stay in Peru. Successful treatment with albendazole. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2004; 116 (suppl): 61-64 (in German).   DOI
140 Puente S, Garate T, Grobusch MP, Janitschke K, Bru F, Rodriguez M, Gonzalez-Lahoz JM. Two cases of imported gnathostomiasis in Spanish women. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 21: 617-620.   DOI
141 Kunzle N, Laffitte E, De Heller HK, Landry P, Panizzon RG. Intermittent cutaneous tumefaction after a trip to Vietnam. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2003; 130: 463-464 (in French).
142 de Vries PJ, Kerst JM, Kortbeek LM. Migrating swellings from Asia: gnathostomiasis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2001; 145: 322-325 (in Dutch).
143 Elzi L, Decker M, Battegay M, Rutishauser J, Blum J. Chest pain after travel to the tropics. Lancet 2004; 363: 1198.   DOI
144 Herman JS, Wall EC, van-Tulleken C, Godfrey-Faussett P, Bailey RL, Chiodini PL. Gnathostomiasis acquired by British tourists in Botswana. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15: 594-597.   DOI
145 Vanahecke C, Perignon A, Monsel G, Regnier S, Paris L, Caumes E. Aetiologies of creeping eruption: 78 cases. Br J Dermatol 2014; 170: 1166-1169.   DOI
146 Menard A, Dos Santos G, Dekumyoy P, Ranque S, Delmont J, Danis M, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Imported cutaneous gnathostomiasis: report of five cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003; 97: 200-202.   DOI
147 Cornaglia J, Jean M, Bertrand K, Aumaitre H, Roy M, Nickel B. Gnathostomiasis in Brazil: an emerging disease with a challenging diagnosis. J Travel Med 2016; 24: 1-4.
148 Strady C, Dekumyoy P, Clement-Rigolet M, Danis M, Bricaire F, Caumes E. Long-term follow-up of imported gnathostomiasis shows frequent treatment failure. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 80: 33-35.   DOI
149 Parola P, Bordmann G, Brouqui P, Delmont J. Eosinophilic pleural effusion in gnathostomiasis. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1690-1691.   DOI
150 Villar de Cipriani E. Paniculitis migratoria eosinofilica en el Peru: Gnathostoma como agente causal. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2003; 20: 220-12.
151 Hale DC, Blumberg L, Frean J. Case report: gnathostomiasis in two travelers to Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003; 68: 707-709.   DOI
152 Communicable Diseases Communique, November 2013, 12 (www.nicd.ac.za/assets/files/Gnathostomiasis%20outbreak.pdf).
153 Wolfe MS, Acosta AM, Lichtenfels JR, Neafie R, Ash LR. Gnathostomiasis contracted in East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1996; 55: 120.
154 Stowens D, Simon G. Gnathostomiasis in Oneida County. NY State J Med 1981; 81: 409-410.
155 Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. Gnathostomiasis after travelling. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 2014; 74: 263 (in Spanish).
156 Marty GD. Anisakid larva in the viscera of a farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 2008; 279: 209-210.   DOI
157 Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardenas-Giraldo EV, Manrique-Castano S, Martinez-Pulgarin DF. Is there gnathostomiasis in Colombia? Reflections from a possible case imported to Argentina. Medicina (B Aires) 2014; 74: 264 (in Spanish).
158 Orduna TA, Lloveras SC, Echazarreta SE, Garro SL, Gonzalez GD, Falcone CC. In response: on a possible case of gnathostomiasis. Medicina (B Aires). 2014; 74: 265 (in Spanish).
159 Orduna TA, Lloveras SC, Echazarreta SE, Garro SL, Gonzalez GD, Falcone CC. About a probable case of gnathostomiasis. Medicina (B Aires), 2014; 74: 263-264 (in Spanish).
160 Skov J, Kania PW, Olsen MM, Lauridsen JH, Buchmann K. Nematode infections of maricultured and wild fishes in Danish waters: a comparative study. Aquaculture 2009; 298: 24-28.   DOI
161 dos Santos CAML, Howgate P. Fishborne zoonotic parasites and aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture 2011; 318: 253-261.   DOI
162 Khalifa R, Othman RA. Some studies on Capillaria philipinensis and its mysterious trip from Philippines to Egypt (review article). J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2014; 44: 161-171.   DOI
163 Ramirez-Avila L, Slome S, Schuster FL, Gavali S, Schantz PM, Sejvar J, Glaser CA. Eosinophilic meningitis due to Angiostrongylus and Gnathostoma species. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 322-327.   DOI
164 Alicata JE, Brown RW. Observations on the method of human infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Tahiti. Can J Zool 1962; 40: 755-760.   DOI
165 Tokiwa T, Harunari T, Tanikawa T, Komatsu N, Koizumi N, Tung KC, Suzuki J, Kadosaka T, Takada N, Kumagai T, Akao N, Ohta N. Phylogenetic relationships of rat lungworm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, isolated from different geographical regions revealed widespread multiple lineages. Parasitol Int 2012; 61: 431-436.   DOI
166 Eiras JC, Pavanelli GC, Takemoto RM, Yamaguchi MU, Karkling LC, Nawa Y. Potential risk of fish-borne nematode infections in humans in Brazil-current status based on a literature review. FAWPAR 2016; 5: 1-6.
167 Sakanari JA, McKerrow JH. Anisakiasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989; 2: 278-284.   DOI