Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2022.02.005

Impact of HIV-1 subtypes on gross deletion in the nef gene after Korean Red Ginseng treatment  

Cho, Young-Keol (Departments of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center)
Kim, Jung-Eun (Departments of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center)
Lee, Jinny (Departments of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center)
Publication Information
Journal of Ginseng Research / v.46, no.6, 2022 , pp. 731-737 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: The number of primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 non-B subtype infections (non-B) and that of reports regarding the differences in the pathogenesis of subtype B and non-B infections are increasing. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on gross deletion in the nef gene (g∆nef) in non-B infections. Methods: To determine whether there is a difference in the change in CD4+ T cells after treatment with Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) between patients with subtype B and non-B infections, we retrospectively analyzed and compared the annual decrease in CD4+ T cells (AD) and the proportion of g∆nef in 77 patients who were followed for more than 10 years in the absence of combination antiretroviral therapy. Results: Overall, AD was significantly faster in patients with non-B infections than in those with subtype B infections. Survival analysis showed that the survival probability was significantly higher in subtype B than in non B-infected patients. These differences mainly resulted from significant differences in the amount of KRG and age. In the patients treated with KRG, there was a significant correlation between the amount of KRG and the AD in both subtypes. Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between the amount of KRG and the proportion of g∆nef in patients infected with subtype B, but not in those infected with non-B. The same phenomenon was observed when the KRG dose was adjusted. Conclusion: Our results suggest that non-B may be biologically more stable than subtype B.
Keywords
Gross deletion; HIV-1 subtype B; Korean Red Ginseng; Nef gene; Non-B subtypes;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 7  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Mann JK, Byakwaga H, Kuang XT, Le AQ, Brumme CJ, Mwimanzi P, Omarjee S, Martin E, Lee GQ, Baraki B, et al. Ability of HIV-1 Nef to downregulate CD4 and HLA class I differs among viral subtypes. Retrovirology 2013;10:100.   DOI
2 Cho YK, Kim JE, Lee SH, Foley BT, Choi BS. Impact of HIV-1 subtype and Korean Red Ginseng on AIDS progression: comparison of subtype B and subtype D. J Ginseng Res 2019;43:312-8.   DOI
3 Pai NP, Shivkumar S, Cajas JM. Does genetic diversity of HIV-1 non-B subtypes differentially impact disease progression in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals? A systematic review of evidence: 1996-2010. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012;59:382-8.   DOI
4 Kestler 3rd HW, Ringler DJ, Mori K, Panicali DL, Sehgal PK, Daniel MD, Desrosiers RC. Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and for development of AIDS. Cell 1991;65:651-62.   DOI
5 Watkins RL, Foster JL, Garcia JV. In vivo analysis of Nef's role in HIV-1 replication, systemic T cell activation and CD4 + T cell loss. Retrovirology 2015;12: 61.   DOI
6 Cho YK, Jung YS. High frequency of gross deletions in the 5' LTR/gag regions in HIV type 1-infected long-term survivors treated with Korean red ginseng. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 2008;24:181-93.   DOI
7 Sutherland KA, Ghosn J, Gregson J, Mbisa JL, Chaix ML, Cohen Codar I, Delfraissy JF, Delaugerre C, Gupta RK. HIV-1 subtype influences susceptibility and response to monotherapy with the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir. Antimicrob Chemotherapy 2015;70:243-8.   DOI
8 Cho YK, Sung H, Lee HJ, Joo CH, Cho GJ. Long-term intake of Korean red ginseng in HIV-1 infected patients: development of resistance mutation to zidovudine is delayed. Int. Immunophamacology 2001;1:1295-305.   DOI
9 Taylor BS, Sobieszczyk ME, McCutchan FE, Hammer SM. The challenge of HIV1 subtype diversity. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1590-602.   DOI
10 Haggblom A, Svedhem V, Singh K, Sonnerborg A, Neogi U. Virological failure in patients with HIV-1 subtype C receiving antiretroviral therapy: an analysis of a prospective national cohort in Sweden. Lancet HIV 2016;3:e166-74.   DOI
11 Mesner D, Hotter D, Kirchhoff F, Jolly C. Loss of Nef-mediated CD3 downregulation in the HIV-1 lineage increases viral infectivity and spread. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020;31:7382-91.
12 Deacon NJ, Tsykin A, Solomon A, Smith K, Ludford-Menting M, Hooker DJ, McPhee DA, Greenway AL, Ellett A, Chatfield C, et al. Genomic structure of an attenuated quasi species of HIV-1 from a blood transfusion donor and recipients. Science 1995;270:988-91.   DOI
13 Kirchhoff F, Greenough TC, Brettler DB, Sullivan JL, Desrosiers RC. Absence of intact nef sequences in a long-term survivor with nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:228-32.   DOI
14 Cho YK, Kim JE, Foley BT. High prevalence of non-B HIV-1 subtypes in overseas sailors and prostitutes in Korea. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 2018;34:347-53.   DOI
15 Griffith BP, Rigsby MO, Garner RB, Gordon MM, Chacko TM. Comparison of the Amplicor HIV-1 monitor test and the nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus RNA in plasma, serum, and plasma subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:3288-91.   DOI
16 Arien KK, Troyer RM, Gali Y, Colebunders RL, Arts EJ, Vanham G. Replicative fitness of historical and recent HIV-1 isolates suggests HIV-1 attenuation over time. AIDS 2005;19:1555-64.   DOI
17 Cho YK, Kim JE, Foley BT. Sequence length of HIV-1 subtype B increases over time: analysis of a cohort of patients with hemophilia over 30 years. Viruses 2021;13:806.   DOI
18 Cho YK, Kim JE, Woo JH. Korean Red Ginseng increases defective pol gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-1-infected patients; inhibition of its detection during ginseng-based combination therapy. J Ginseng Res 2019;43:684-91.   DOI
19 Shan X, Fu YS, Aziz F, Wang XQ, Yan Q, Liu JW. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits melanoma cell proliferation through down-regulation of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and increase of p53 acetylation. PLoS One 2014;9:e115401.   DOI
20 Liu ZH, Li J, Xia J, Jiang R, Zuo GW, Li XP, Chen Y, Xiong W, Chen DL. Ginsenoside 20(s)-Rh2 as potent natural histone deacetylase inhibitors suppressing the growth of human leukemia cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015;242:227-34.   DOI
21 Tully DC, Ogilvie CB, Batorsky RE, Bean DJ, Power KA, Ghebremichael M, Bedard HE, Gladden AD, Seese AM, Amero MA, et al. Differences in the selection bottleneck between modes of sexual transmission influence the genetic composition of the HIV-1 founder Virus. PLoS Pathog 2016;12: e1005619.   DOI
22 Kang KA, Piao MJ, Kim KC, Zheng J, Yao CW, Cha JW, Kim HS, Kim DH, Bae SC, Hyun JW. Compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, inhibits colorectal cancer cell growth and induces apoptosis through inhibition of histone deacetylase activity. Int J Oncol 2013;43:1907-14.   DOI
23 Wang HX, Ng TB. Quinqueginsin, a novel protein with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antifungal, ribonuclease and cell-free translation-inhibitory activities from American ginseng roots. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;269:203-8.   DOI
24 Cho YK, Sung HS. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on serum soluble CD8 in HIV1-infected patients. J Ginseng Res 2007;31:175-80.   DOI
25 Kiguoya MW, Mann JK, Chopera D, Gounder K, Lee GQ, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Ball TB, Kimani J, Brumme ZL, et al. Subtype-specific differences in gagprotease-driven replication capacity are consistent with intersubtype differences in HIV-1 disease progression. J Virol 2017;91:e00253. https://doi.org/ 10.1128/JVI.00253-17. 17.   DOI
26 Perez-Parra S, Chueca N, Alvarez M, Pasquau J, Omar M, Collado A, Vinuesa D, Lozano AB, Yebra G, Garcia F. High prevalence and diversity of HIV-1 non-B genetic forms due to immigration in southern Spain: a phylogeographic approach. PLoS One 2017;30:e0186928.
27 Tamalet C, Tissot-Dupont H, Motte A, Tourres C, Dhiver C, Ravaux I, Poizot- Martin I, Dieng T, Tomei C, Bregigeon S, et al. Emergence of uncommon HIV-1 non-B subtypes and circulating recombinant forms and trends in transmission of antiretroviral drug resistance in patients with primary infection during the 2013-2015 period in Marseille, Southeastern France. J Med Virol 2018;90: 1559-67.   DOI
28 Baeten JM, Chohan B, Lavreys L, Chohan V, McClelland RS, Certain L, Mandaliya K, Jaoko W, Overbaugh J. HIV-1 subtype D infection is associated with faster disease progression than subtype A in spite of similar plasma HIV1 loads. J Infect Dis 2007;195:1177-80.   DOI
29 Tscherning C, Alaeus A, Fredriksson R, Bjorndal A, Deng H, Littman DR, Fenyo EM, Albert J. Differences in chemokine coreceptor usage between ge- netic subtypes of HIV-1. Virology 1998;241:181-8.   DOI
30 Vasan A, Renjifo B, Hertzmark E, Chaplin B, Msamanga G, Essex M, Fawzi W, Hunter D. Different rates of disease progression of HIV type 1 infection in Tanzania based on infecting subtype. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:843-52.   DOI
31 Tramuto F, Maida CM, Colomba GM, Di Carlo P, Vitale F. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection in a cohort of HIV-positive patients resident in Sicily, Italy. BioMed Res Int 2013:859583. 2013.
32 Rhodes DI, Ashton L, Solomon A, Carr A, Cooper D, Kaldor J, Deacon N. Characterization of three nef-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains associated with long-term nonprogression. J Virol 2000;74:10581-8.   DOI
33 Cho YK, Lim JY, Jung YS, Oh SK, Lee HJ, Sung H. High frequency of grossly deleted nef genes in HIV-1 infected long-term slow progressors treated with Korean red ginseng. Curr HIV Res 2006;4:447-57.   DOI
34 Sung H, Kang SM, Lee MS, Kim TG, Cho YK. Korean red ginseng slows depletion of CD4 T cells in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12:497-501.
35 Cho YK, Kim JE, Woo JH. Genetic defects in the nef gene are associated with Korean Red Ginseng intake: monitoring of nef sequence polymorphisms over 20 years. J Ginseng Res 2017;41:144-50.   DOI
36 Cho YK, Jung YS. Dosage and duration effects of Korean red ginseng intake on frequency of gross deletions in the nef gene. J Ginseng Res 2010;34:219-25.
37 Cho YK, Jung YS, Sung H. Frequent gross deletion in the HIV type 1 nef gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: inhibition of detection by highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 2009;25:419-24.   DOI
38 Cho YK, Jung Y, Sung H, Joo CH. Frequent genetic defects in the HIV-1 5'LTR/ gag gene in hemophiliacs treated with Korean red ginseng: decreased detection of genetic defects by highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Ginseng Res 2011;35:413-20.   DOI
39 Cho YK, Jung YS, Sung H, Sim MK, Kim YK. High frequency of gross deletions in 5' LTR/gag and nef genes in patients infected with CRF02_AG of HIV-1 who survived for over 20 years: an association with Korean red ginseng. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 2009;25:535-41.   DOI
40 Cho YK, Kim JE. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng intake on the survival duration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patients. J Ginseng Res 2017;41: 222-6.   DOI
41 Kondo M, Shima T, Nishizawa M, Sudo K, Iwamuro S, Okabe T, Takebe Y, Imai M. Identification of attenuated variants of HIV-1 circulating recombinant form 01_AE that are associated with slow disease progression due to gross genetic alterations in the nef/long terminal repeat sequences. J Infect Dis 2005;192:56-61.   DOI