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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.012

Panax ginseng exerts antidepressant-like effects by suppressing neuroinflammatory response and upregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 signaling in the amygdala  

Choi, Jong Hee (Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University)
Lee, Min Jung (Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University)
Jang, Minhee (Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University)
Kim, Hak-Jae (Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University)
Lee, Sanghyun (Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University)
Lee, Sang Won (Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration)
Kim, Young Ock (Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration)
Cho, Ik-Hyun (Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University)
Publication Information
Journal of Ginseng Research / v.42, no.1, 2018 , pp. 107-115 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: Depression is one of the most commonly diagnosed neuropsychiatric diseases, but the underlying mechanism and medicine are not well-known. Although Panax ginseng has been reported to exert protective effects in various neurological studies, little information is available regarding its antidepressant effects. Methods: Here, we examined the antidepressant effect and underlying mechanism of P. ginseng extract (PGE) in a chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced depression model in mice. Results: Oral administration of PGE for 14 d decreased immobility (depression-like behaviors) time in forced swim and tail suspended tests after CRS induction, which corresponded with attenuation of the levels of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone, as well as attenuated c-Fos expression in the amygdala. PGE enhanced messenger RNA expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor but ameliorated microglial activation and neuroinflammation (the level of messenger RNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase) in the amygdala of mice after CRS induction. Interestingly, 14-d treatment with celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and $N_{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, attenuated depression-like behaviors after CRS induction. Additionally, PGE inhibited the upregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 and heme oxygenase-1 pathways. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings suggest that PGE exerts antidepressant-like effect of CRS-induced depression by antineuroinflammatory and antioxidant (nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 activation) activities by inhibiting the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis mechanism. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential of components of P. ginseng as an alternative treatment of depression, including clinical trial evaluation.
Keywords
antineuroinflammation; chronic restraint stress; depression; nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2; Panax ginseng;
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