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K.-H. Kim, S. Lee, C.-K. Moon, S.-Y. Kim, Y.-S. Park, J.-H. Lee, J. W. Lee, J. Huh, Y. You, and J.-J. Kim, Phosphorescent dye-based supramolecules for high-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes, Nat. commun., 5, 4769 (2014).
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S.-Y. Kim, W.-I. Jeong, C. Mayr, Y.-S. Park, K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Lee, C.-K. Moon, W. Brutting, and J.-J. Kim, Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with 30% External Quantum Efficiency Based on a Horizontally Oriented Emitter, Adv. Funct. Mater., 23, 3896-3900 (2013).
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E. Forsythe, M. Abkowitz, and Y. Gao, Tuning the Carrier Injection Efficiency for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 3948-3952 (2000).
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J.-H. Lee and J.-J. Kim, Interfacial doping for efficient charge injection in organic semiconductors, Phys. Status Solidi A, 209, 1399-1413 (2012).
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K. Walzer, B. Maennig, M. Pfeiffer, and K. Leo, Highly Efficient Organic Devices Based on Electrically Doped Transport Layers, Chem. Rev., 107, 1233-1271 (2007).
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L. Liao and K. P. Klubek, Power efficiency improvement in a tandem organic light-emitting diode, Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 223311 (2008).
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J.-H. Lee, S. Lee, J.-B. Kim, J. Jang, and J.-J. Kim, A high performance transparent inverted organic light emitting diode with 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile as an organic buffer layer, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 15262-15266 (2012).
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S. Lee, J.-H. Lee, J.-H. Lee, and J.-J. Kim, The Mechanism of Charge Generation in Charge-Generation Units Composed of p Doped Hole-Transporting Layer/HAT-CN/n-Doped Electron-Transporting Layers, Adv. Funct. Mater., 22, 855-860 (2012).
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K. S. Yook, S. O. Jeon, and J. Y. Lee, Efficient hole injection by doping of hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile in hole transport layer, Thin Solid Films, 517, 6109-6111 (2009).
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Y.-K. Kim, J. W. Kim, and Y. Park, Energy level alignment at a charge generation interface between 4,4′-bis(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamino) biphenyl and 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile, Appl. Phys. Lett., 94, 063305 (2009).
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S. M. Park, Y. H. Kim, Y. Yi, H.-Y. Oh, and J. W. Kim, Insertion of an organic interlayer for hole current enhancement in inverted organic light emitting devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., 97, 063308 (2010).
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S. Barlow, Q. Zhang, B. R. Kaafarani, C. Risko, F. Amy, C. K. Chan, B. Domercq, Z. A. Starikova, M. Y. Antipin, and T. V. Timofeeva, Synthesis, ionisation potentials and electron affinities of hexaazatrinaphthylene derivatives, Chem. -Eur. J., 13, 3537-3547 (2007).
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B. R. Kaafarani, T. Kondo, J. Yu, Q. Zhang, D. Dattilo, C. Risko, S. C. Jones, S. Barlow, B. Domercq, and F. Amy, High Charge-Carrier Mobility in an Amorphous Hexaazatrinaphthylene Derivative, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 16358-16359 (2005).
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T. Yokoyama, D. Yoshimura, E. Ito, H. Ishii, Y. Ouchi, and K. Seki, Energy Level Alignment at Alq3/LiF/Al Interfaces Studied by Electron Spectroscopies: Island Growth of LiF and Size-Dependence of the Electronic Structures, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3666-3675 (2003).
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C. Falkenberg, K. Leo, and M. K. Riede, Improved photocurrent by using n-doped 2,3,8,9,14,15-hexachloro-5,6,11,12,17,18-hexaazatrinaphthylene as optical spacer layer in p-i-n type organic solar cells, J. Appl. Phys., 110, 124509 (2011).
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F. Selzer, C. Falkenberg, M. Hamburger, M. Baumgarten, K. Müllen, K. Leo, and M. Riede, Improved organic p-i-n type solar cells with n-doped fluorinated hexaazatrinaphthylene derivatives HATNA-F6 and HATNA-F12 as transparent electron transport material, J. Appl. Phys., 115, 054515 (2014).
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Y. E. Kim, H. Park, and J. J. Kim, Enhanced quantum efficiency in polymer electroluminescence devices by inserting a tunneling barrier formed by Langmuir-Blodgett films, Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 599 (1996).
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Q.-T. Le, E. W. Forsythe, F. Nuesch, L. J. Rothberg, L. Yan, and Y. Gao, Interface formation between NPB and processed indium tin oxide, Thin Solid Films, 363, 42-46 (2003).
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C. Adachi, M. A. Baldo, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest, Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device, J. Appl. Phys., 90, 5048-5051 (2001).
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R. Meerheim, S. Scholz, S. Olthof, G. Schwartz, S. Reineke, K. Walzer, and K. Leo, Influence of charge balance and exciton distribution on efficiency and lifetime of phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices, J. Appl. Phys., 104, 014510 (2008).
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W. S. Jeon, T. J. Park, S. Y. Kim, R. Pode, J. Jang, and J.-H. Kwon, Ideal host and guest system in phosphorescent OLEDs, Org. Electron., 10, 240-246 (2009).
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S. H. Kim, J. Jang, and J. Y. Lee, Relationship between host energy levels and device performances of phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with triplet mixed host emitting structure, Appl. Phys. Lett., 91, 083511 (2007).
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J. Li, Z. Si, C. Liu, C. Li, F. Zhao, Y. Duan, P. Chen, S. Liu, and B. Li, Highly efficient phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices based on Re(CO)3Cl-bathophenanthroline, Semicond. Sci. Tech., 22, 553-556 (2007).
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C.-B. Moon, W. Song, M. Meng, N. H. Kim, J.-A. Yoon, W. Y. Kim, R. Wood, and P. Mascher, Luminescence of Rubrene and DCJTB molecules in organic light-emitting devices, J. Lumin., 146, 314-320 (2014).
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S. H. Kim, J. Jang, and J. Y. Lee, High efficiency phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using carbazole-type triplet exciton blocking layer, Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 223505 (2007).
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J. Y. Kim, N. H. Kim, J. W. Kim, J. S. Kang, J.-A. Yoon, S. I. Yoo, W. Y. Kim, and K. W. Cheah, Enhancement of external quantum efficiency and reduction of roll-off in blue phosphorescent organic light emitt diodes using TCTA inter-layer, Opt. Mater., 37, 120-124 (2014).
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