Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9727/jmsk.2015.28.1.51

Gemological Characteristics of Aquamarine from the Gilgit-Baltistan of Northern Areas, Pakistan  

Kim, Sung Jae (Dept. of Gemology, The Graduate School of Engineering, Hanyang University)
Shin, Dong Wook (Dept. of Gemology, The Graduate School of Engineering, Hanyang University)
Shon, Shoo Hack (Dept. of Gemology, The Graduate School of Engineering, Hanyang University)
Jang, Yun Deuk (Department of Geology, Kyungpook National University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea / v.28, no.1, 2015 , pp. 51-60 More about this Journal
Abstract
We applied gemological analytical approaches on Aquamarine from the Gilgit-Baltistan of Northern Areas, Pakistan. The standard gemological testing indicates that they are consistent with general characteristics of natural aquamarines. We have identified the inclusions of Tantalite-Mn by Raman analysis. It indicates that they occurs in association with the veins of Be-rich coarse pegmatite. And the results of chemical analyses, infrared absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy indicate that $H_2O$ molecules in channel mostly exist in Type-I and a little Type-II with low alkali ion. The comparison of relative peak intensity of FT-IR analysis can be used for prediction of $Na_2O$ content within not only emerald but also aquamarine.
Keywords
Aquamarine; Pakistan; Tantalite; FT-IR; Raman; $H_2O$-Type;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Wood, D.L. and Nassau, K. (1967) Infrared spectra of foreign molecules in beryl. Journal of Chemical Physics, 47, 2220-2228.   DOI
2 Ilaria A., Alessandro P., and Loredana P. (2008) Aquamarine, Maxixe-Type beryl, and hydrothermal synthetic blue beryl: analyses and identification. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 214-226.   DOI
3 Moon, S.S., Bak. M.G., Lee. Y.M., and Jo. J.H. (2000) Introduction to Spectroscopy, Freedom Academy, Seoul, 558p.
4 Aines R.D. and Rossman G.R. (1984) The high temperature behavior of water and carbon dioxide in cordierite and beryl. American Mineralogist, Vol. 69, No. 3/4, pp. 319-327.
5 Andersson, L.O. (2011) A Russian Maxixe beryl?. The Journal of Gemmology, Vol. 32, No. 5-8.
6 Aurisicchio, C., Grubessi, O., and zecchini, P. (1994) Infrared spectroscopy and crystal chemistry of the beryl group. Canadian Mineralogist, 32, 55-68.
7 Belov, N.V. and Matveeva, R.G. (1950) Determination of the parameters of beryl by the method of partial projection. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 73, 299-302.
8 Bernard C., Philippe D., Odile B., and Cristina P.C. (1996) Channel occupancy in an alkali-poor beryl from Serra Branca (Goias, Brazil): Spectroscopic characterization. American Mineralogist, 81, 395-403.   DOI
9 Bragg, W.L. and Claringbull, G.F. (1965) Crystal structures of minerals, Bell and Sons Ltd, London, 213p.
10 Bragg, W.L. and West, J. (1926) The structure of beryl. Proc, Roy, Soc, London, A111, 691-714.
11 Damon, P.E. and Kulp, J.L. (1958) Excess helium and argon in beryl and other minerals. American Mineralogist, 43, 433-459.
12 David B. (1997-2014) The Database The RRUFF TM Project. robisons@email.arizona.edu.
13 Gibbs, G.V., Breck, D.W., and Meagher, E.P. (1968) Structural refinements of hydrous and anhydrous synthetic beryl. $Al_{2}(Be_{3}Si_{6})O_{18}$ and emerald $Al_{1.9}Cr_{0.1}(Be_{3}Si_{6})O_{18}$. Lithos, 1, 275-285.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Giuliani, G. et al. (2002) Emeralds of the World. extraLapis English No. 2: The Legendary Green Beryl, 100p.
15 Goldman D.S., Rossman G.R., and Parkin K.M. (1978) Channel constituents in beryl. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 225-235.   DOI
16 Hassan M.A., Shah M.T., Tahseenullah K., and Amanullah L. (2011) Field features and petrography used as indicators for the classification of Shigar valley pegmatites, Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 44(2), 1-7.
17 Huong T.T. and Tobias H. (2010) On some controversially- discussed Raman and IR bands of beryl VNU Journal of Science. Earth Sciences, 26, 32-41.
18 Huong T.T., Wolfgang H., Tobias H., and Nguyen N.K. (2011) Aquamarine from Thethuong Xuan district. Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam, Gems & Gemology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 42-48.
19 Ilaria A., Alessandro P., and Loredana P. (2008) Aquamarine, Maxixe-Type beryl, and hydrothermal synthetic blue beryl: analyses and identification. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 214-226.   DOI
20 Kodaira, K., Iwase, Y., Tsunashina, A., and Matsushita, T. (1982) High pressure hydrothermal synthesis of beryl crystals. Journal of crystal growth, 60, 172-174.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Kristy L.B. and David R.L. (2010) Aquamarine beryl from Zealand Station, Canada: a mineralogical and stable isotope study. Journal of Geosciences, 55, 57-67.
22 Łodzinski, M., Sitarz, M., Stec, K., Kozanecki, M., Fojud, Z. and Jurga, S. (2005) ICP, IR, Raman, NMR investigations of beryls from pegmatites of the Sudety Mts. Journal of Molecular Structure, 744-747, 1005-1015.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Muhammad H.A., Mohammad T.S., Tahseenullah K., Mamoru M., Muhammad A., and Humaira D. (2013) Shigar valley gemstones their chemical composition and origin, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, Arab J Geosci DOI 10.1007/s12517-013-1045-8.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Nakamoto, K. (1963) Infrared spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds. Wiley, New York, 328p.
25 Nassau, K. (2001) The physics and chemistry of color. John Wiley & Sons. New York, 481p.
26 Nesse, W. (2004) Optical mineralogy. Oxford university press. New York, 348p.
27 Schmetzer, K. (1989) Types of water in natural and synthetic emerald. Neues Jahrbuch flur Mineralogie Monatshefte, I, 15-26.
28 Schmetzer, K. and Kiefer, L. (1990) Water in Beryl-a contribution to the separability of natural and synthetic emeralds by infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Gemology, 22, 215-223.   DOI
29 Wood D.L. and Nassau K. (1968a) An examination of red beryl from UTAH. The American mineralogist, Vol, 53. 801-806.
30 Wood, D.L. and Nassau, K. (1968b) The characterization of beryl and emerald by visible and infrared absorption spectroscopy. American Mineralogist, 53. 777-800.