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http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/MRSK.2013.23.5.255

Annealing Effect of Phosphorus-Doped ZnO Nanorods Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method  

Hwang, Sung-Hwan (Information and Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University,)
Moon, Kyeong-Ju (Information and Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University,)
Lee, Tae Il (Information and Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University,)
Myoung, Jae Min (Information and Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University,)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Materials Research / v.23, no.5, 2013 , pp. 255-259 More about this Journal
Abstract
An effect of thermal annealing on activating phosphorus (P) atoms in ZnO nanorods (NR) grown using a hydrothermal process was investigated. $NH_4H_2PO_4$ used as a dopant source reacted with $Zn^{2+}$ ions and $Zn_3(PO_4)_2$ sediment was produced in the solution. The fact that most of the input P elements are concentrated in the $Zn_3(PO_4)_2$ sediment was confirmed using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). After the hydrothermal process, ZnO NRs were synthesized and their PL peaks were exhibited at 405 and 500 nm because P atoms diffused to the ZnO crystal from the $Zn_3(PO_4)_2$ particles. The solubility of the $Zn_3(PO_4)_2$ initially formed sediment varied with the concentration of $NH_4OH$. Before annealing, both the structural and the optical properties of the P-doped ZnO NR were changed by the variation of P doping concentration, which affected the ZnO lattice parameters. At low doping concentration of phosphorus in ZnO crystal, it was determined that a phosphorus atom substituted for a Zn site and interacted with two $V_{Zn}$, resulting in a $P_{Zn}-2V_{Zn}$ complex, which is responsible for p-type conduction. After annealing, a shift of the PL peak was found to have occurred due to the unstable P doping state at high concentration of P, whereas at low concentration there was little shift of PL peak due to the stable P doping state.
Keywords
P-doped ZnO; annealing effect; hydrothermal method;
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