Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2021.37.11.23

Effect of Shear Rate on Strength of Non-cemented and Cemented Sand in Laboratory Testing  

Moon, Hong Duk (Dept. of Civil Eng., Gyeongsang National Univ.)
Kim, Jeong Suk (Dept. of Civil Eng, Kyungpook National Univ.)
Woo, Seung-Wook (Dept. of Civil Eng, Kyungpook National Univ.)
Tran, Dong-Kiem-Lam (Dept. of Civil Eng, Kyungpook National Univ.)
Park, Sung-Sik (Dept. of Civil Eng., Kyungpook National Univ.)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society / v.37, no.11, 2021 , pp. 23-36 More about this Journal
Abstract
In this paper, the effect of shear rate on internal friction angle and unconfined compressive strength of non-cemented and cemented sand was investigated. A dry Jumunjin sand was prepared at loose, medium, and dense conditions with a relative density of 40, 60 and 80%. Then, series of direct shear tests were conducted at shear rates of 0.32, 0.64, and 2.54 mm/min. In addition, a cemented sand with cement ratio of 8% and 12% was compacted into a cylindrical specimen with 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height. Unconfined compression tests on the cemented sand were performed with various shear rates such as 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10%/min. Regardless of a degree of cementation, the unconfined compressive strength of the cemented sand and the angle of internal friction of the non-cemented sand tended to increase as the shear rate increased. For the non-cemented sand, the angle of internal friction increased by 4° at maximum as the shear rate increased. The unconfined compressive strength of the cemented sand also increased as the shear rate increased. However, its increasing pattern declined after the standard shear rate (1 mm/min). A discrete element method was also used to analyze the crack initiation and its development for the cemented sand with shear rate. Numerical results of unconfined compressive strength and failure pattern were similar to the experimental results.
Keywords
Discrete element method; Sand; Shear rate; Shear strength; Unconfined compressive strength;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Khandelwal, M. and Ranjith, P. G. (2013), "Behaviour of Brittle Material in Multiple Loading Rates under Uniaxial Compression", Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol.31, No.4, pp.1305-1315.   DOI
2 Andersen, K. H. and Schjetne, K. (2013), "Database of Friction Angles of Sand and Consolidation Characteristics of Sand, Silt, and Clay", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.139, No.7, pp.1140-1155.   DOI
3 Itasca Consulting Group Inc. PFC-Particle Flow Code, Ver. 4.00; Itasca: Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2008.
4 Ladd, R. S. (1978), "Preparing Test Specimens Using Undercompaction", Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol.1, No.1, pp.16-23.   DOI
5 Dey, R., Hawlader, B., Phillips, R., and Soga, K. (2013), "Progressive Failure of Slopes with Sensitive Clay Layers", Proc. of the 18th ICSMGE.
6 Park, S. S., Kim, K. Y., Choi, H. S., and Kim, C. W. (2009), "Effect of Different Curing Methods on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cemented Sand", Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.29, No.5C, pp.207-215.
7 Saito, R., Fukuoka, H., and Sassa, K. (2006), "Experimental Study on the Rate Effect on the Shear Strength", In: Disaster mitigation of debris flow, slope failure and landslides, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 421-427.
8 Tika, T.E., Vaughan P.R., and Lemos, L.J.L. (1996), Fast Shearing of Pre-existing Shear Zones in Soil, Geotechniqe, Vol.46, No.2, pp.197-233.   DOI
9 Xiao, Y., Hou, B., Li, D., and Li, Z. (2018), "Study on Loading Rate Sensitivity Test of Shale Mechanical Properties", In ISRM International Symposium-10th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium. OnePetro.
10 Eberhardt, E., Kaiser, P.K., and Stead, D. (2002), "Numerical Analysis of Progressive Failure in Natural Rock Slopes", Proc. of EUROCK 2002.
11 Gonnerman, H.F. (1925), "Effect of Size and Shape of Test Specimen on Compressive Strength of Concrete", ASTM Proc., Vol.25, pp. 237-250.
12 KS, F. (2010), 2405. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Concrete, Korean Agency for Technology and Standards, 1-16.
13 Lee, J., Kim, Y.S., Chae, D., and Cho, W. (2014), "Loading Rate Effects on Strength and Stiffness of Frozen Sands", KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol.20, No.1, pp.208-215.   DOI
14 Park, S.S. and Choi, S.-G. (2011), "Effect of Fines on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cemented Sands", KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research, Vol.31, No.6C, pp.213-220.
15 Leroueil, S. (2001), "Natural Slopes and Cuts: Movement and Failure Mechanism", Geotechnique, Vol.51, No.3, pp.197-243.   DOI
16 Maqsood, Z., Koseki, J., and Kyokawa, H. (2019), "Effects of Loading Rate on Strength and Deformation Characteristics of Gypsum Mixed Sand", In E3S Web of Conferences, Vol.92, pp. 05008.
17 Ohayon, Y. H. and Pinkert, S. (2021), "Experimental Evaluation of the Reference, Shear-rate Independent, Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clays", International Journal of Geomechanics, Vol.21, No.11, 06021031.
18 Dechao, Z. and Yusu, Y. (1991), "Investigation on the Relationship between Soil Shear Strength and Shear Rate", Journal of Terramechanics, Vol.28, No.1, pp.1-10.   DOI
19 Chen, X., Sun, L., Zhao, W., and Zheng, Y. (2020), "Effect of Loading Rate on Tensile and Failure Behavior of Concrete", Sensors, Vol.20, No.21, pp.5994.   DOI
20 Abrantes, A.E. (2003), Three-dimensional stress-strain behavior of cohesionless material subjected to high strain rate, Ph.D. thesis, Clarkson University.
21 Lupini, J.F., Skinner, A.E., and Vaughan P.R. (1981), "The Drained Residual Strength of Cohesive Soils", Geotechnique, Vol.31, No.2, pp.181-213.   DOI
22 Simoni, A. and Houlsby, G. T. (2006), "The Direct Shear Strength and Dilatancy of Sand-gravel Mixtures", Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, Vol.24, No.3, pp.523-549.   DOI
23 Cruden, D.M. and Varnes, D.J. (1996), "Landslide Types and Processes", Transportation Research Board, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Special Report, 247: 36-75.
24 Whitman, R. V. and Healy, K. A. (1962), "Shearing Resistance of Sands during Rapid Loadings", Report No. 9, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
25 Rankine, K. J., Sivakugan, N., and Cowling, R. (2006), "Emplaced Geotechnical Characteristics of Hydraulic Fills in a Number of Australian Mines", Geotechnical & Geological Engineering, Vol.24, No.1, pp.1-14.   DOI
26 Cundall, P. A. (1971), "A Computer Model for Simulating Progressive, Large-scale Movement in Blocky Rock System", In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Mechanics, 1971.
27 Mohammed, A., Rafiq, S., Ghafor, K., Emad, W., Noaman, R., Qasim, A. Y., and Qadir, W. (2021), "Clay Nanosize Effects on the Rheological Behavior at Various Elevated Temperatures and Mechanical Properties of the Cement Paste: Experimental and Modeling", Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 1-24.
28 Martinez, A. and Stutz, H. H. (2019), "Rate Effects on the Interface Shear behaviour of Normally and Overconsolidated Clay", Geotechnique, Vol.69, No.9, pp.801-815.   DOI
29 Bjerrum, L. (1967), "Progressive Failure in Slopes of Overconsolidated Plastic Clay and Clay Shales", Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol.93, pp.1-49.   DOI
30 PCA (1995), Soil-cement construction handbook, EP003.10S., Portland Cement Association. Skokie, Ill.
31 Scaringi, G. and Di Maio, C. (2016), "Influence of Displacement Rate on Residual Shear Strength of Clays", Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 16, pp.137-145.   DOI
32 Yang, E.-I., Choi, J.-C., and Yi, S.-T. (2004), "Effect of Specimen Sizes and Shapes on Compressive Strength of Concrete", Journal of Korea Concrete Institute, Vol.16, No.3, pp.375-382.   DOI
33 Zhang, K., Cao, P., and Bao, R. (2013), "Progressive Failure Analysis of Slope with Strain-softening behavior based on Strength Reduction Method", Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A, Vol.14, No.2, pp.101-109.   DOI