Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2019.35.1.31

Evaluation of Strength and Durability of Casein-cemented Sand  

Park, Sung-Sik (Dept. of Civil Eng., Kyungpook National Univ.)
Woo, Seong-Wook (Dept. of Civil Eng, Kyungpook National Univ.)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society / v.35, no.1, 2019 , pp. 31-42 More about this Journal
Abstract
About 3% of Casein is included in milk and it accounts for 80% of milk's protein. It has an adhesive property when mixed with calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solutions. It has been usually used to bond woods under dry condition but becomes weak when exposed to moisture. Such weakness is very critical when casein is applied for soil cementation under groundwater condition. Therefore, this study was aimed to protect such weakness by changing or adding certain ingredients of casein adhesive. Two types of cemented specimens were prepared with Nakdong river sand and tested for unconfined compressive strength and durability. Each specimen was mixed with casein or cement. Ingredients of casein binder suggested by the University of Wisconsin, which is called a standard casein recipe, was also prepared. This study tried 6 different types of casein binder recipe. Among them, one with 30% hydroxide calcium increase and 50% hydroxide sodium decrease compared with the standard casein was most effective. Based on the most effective casein recipe, cemented sand with 1-4% of casein ratio was prepared and tested. The unconfined compressive strength and durability index were 6,253kPa and 92% for the specimen with 4% of casein ratio and 1,500kPa and 62% for the one with 8% of cement ratio. Therefore, casein cemented sand showed better performance. In addition, over 3% of casein cemented sand had over 80% durability index.
Keywords
Casein; Binder; Cementation; Sand; Strength; Durability;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Butterman, S. (1920), "The Influence of the Method of Manufacture on the Use of Casein in Glue Making", The journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, Vol.12, No.2, pp.141-144.   DOI
2 Cannon, A. (2015), "Water-resistant Adhesives for Paper, 1870-1920", Journal of the institute of conservation, Vol.38, No.1, pp. 92-106.   DOI
3 Chang, I. H., Im, J. Y., and Cho, G. C. (2016), "Introduction of Microbial Biopolymers in Soil Treatment for Future Environmentally-Friendly and Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering", Sustainability, Vol.8, No.3, pp.251.   DOI
4 Chang, I. H., Im, J. Y., Chung, M. K., and Cho, G. C. (2018), "Bovine Casein as a New Soil Strengthening Binder from Diary Wastes", Construction and Building Materials, Vol.160, pp.1-9.   DOI
5 Forest products laboratory (1967), "Casein Glues Their Manufacture, Preparation, and Application", University of Wisconsin - Madison, Research note, FPL-0158.
6 Franklin, J. A. and Chandra, R. (1972), "The Slake-Durability Test", International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics, Vol.9, No.3, pp.325-341.   DOI
7 Ham, S. M., Chang, I. H., Noh, D. H., Kwon, T. H., and Muhunthan, B. (2018), "Improvement of Surface Erosion Resistance of Sand by Microbial Biopolymer Formation", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.144, No.7, pp.06018004.   DOI
8 Julius, S. (1962), "Modified Acid Caseun and Adhesive Derived Therefrom", US Patent, No.3,058,836.
9 Lee, J. S. and Chon, H. T. (2004), "Human Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals around Abandoned Metal Mine Sites", Economic and Environmental Geology, Vol.37, No.1, pp.73-86.
10 Ma, Y. S. (1996), "Preparation and Study of Rheologic Properties of Casein-based Adhesives", Ph.D. Thesis, Sejong University.
11 Manson, W. (1962), "The Effect Upon Casein of Aqueous Solutions of Urea", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol.63, No.3, pp.515-517.   DOI
12 McGann, T. C., Donnelly, W, J., Kearney, R. D., and Buchhemm, W. (1980), "Composition and Size Distribution of Bovine Casein Micelles", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol.630, No.2, pp. 261-270.   DOI
13 Min, H. J. (2016), "Preparation and Evaluation of Adhesives Containing Natural Ingredients for Cosmetic", Ph.D. Thesis, Wonkwang University.
14 Mindess, S., Young, J.F., and Darwin, D. (1981), Concrete, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
15 Park, S. S. (2011), "A Study on Strength Characteristics of Sandgravel Mixture", Journal of the Korean geotechnical society, Vol.12, No.5, pp.13-19.
16 Park, S. S. and Choi, S. G. (2013), "A Study on Sand Cementation and its Early-strength Using Blast Furnace Slag and Alkaline Activators", Journal of the Korean geotechnical society, Vol.29, No.4, pp.45-56.   DOI
17 Park, S. S. and Hwang, S. H. (2012), "A Study on Durability Test of Cemented Soil", Journal of Korean geotechnical society, Vol.28, No.11, pp.79-86.   DOI
18 Park, S. S. and Hawng, S. H. (2014), "Relationship between Unconfined Compressive Strength and Shear Wave Velocity of Cemented Sands", Journal of the Korean geotechnical society, Vol.30, No.1, pp.65-74.   DOI
19 Park, S. S., Choi, S. G., and Nam, I. H. (2014), "A Study on Cementation of Sand Using Blast Fumace Slag and Extreme Microorganism", Journal of Korean geotechnical society, Vol.30, No.1, pp.93-101.   DOI
20 Park, S. S., Choi, S. G., and Nam, I. H. (2014), "Effect of Plant-induced Calcite Precipitation on the Strength of Sand", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.26, No.8, pp.06014017.   DOI
21 Seo, E. H. (2016), "A Study on the Improvement of Durability of Environment-Friendly Calcite Cemented Soil", M.D. Thesis, Kyungpook National University.
22 Aubrey, W. T. (1952), "Viscosity-Stable Casein Adhesives", US patent, No.2,613,155.
23 Park, S. S., Kim, K. Y., Choi, H. S., and Kim, C. W. (2009), "Effect of Different Curing Methods on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cemented Sand", Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.29, No.5, pp.207-215.
24 Pizzi, A. and Mittal, K. L. (2017), "Handbook of Adhesive Technology", CRC press.
25 Prestholdt, H. L. (1926), "Casein glue", US patent, No.1,604,310.
26 Raval, D. K., Narola, B. N., and Patel, A. J. (2005), "Synthesis, Characterization and Composites from Resorcinol-urea-formaldehydecasein Resin", Iranian Polymer Journal, Vol.14, No.9, pp.775-784.
27 Walther, L. (1937), "Production of Casein Glue and Casein Glue Preparation", US patent, No.2,091,325.
28 Wright, J., Shen, Z., and Rizkalla, S. (1993), "Three-year Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Linseed Oil as a Concrete Sealer", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol.20 No.5, pp.844-854.   DOI