Browse > Article

The Effects of Storage of Human Saliva on DNA Isolation and Stability  

Kim, Yong-Woo (Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University)
Kim, Young-Ku (Dept. of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain / v.31, no.1, 2006 , pp. 1-16 More about this Journal
Abstract
The most important progress in diagnostic sciences is the increased sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic procedures due to the development of micromethodologies and increasing availability of immunological and molecular biological reagents. The technological advances led to consider the diagnostic use of saliva for an array of analytes and DNA source. The purpose of the present study was to compare DNA from saliva with those from blood and buccal swab, to evaluate diagnostic and forensic application of saliva, to investigate the changes of genomic DNA in saliva according to the storage temperature and period of saliva samples, and to evaluate the integrity of the DNA from saliva stored under various storage conditions by PCR analysis. Peripheral venous blood, unstimulated whole saliva, stimulated whole saliva, and buccal swab were obtained from healthy 10 subjects (mean age: $29.9{\pm}9.8$ years) and genomic DNA was extracted using commercial kit. For the study of effects of various storage conditions on genomic DNA from saliva, stimulated whole saliva were obtained from healthy 20 subjects (mean age: $32.3{\pm}6.6$ years). After making aliquots from fresh saliva, they were stored at room temperature, $4^{\circ}C$, $-20^{\circ}C$, and $-70^{\circ}C$. Saliva samples after lyophilization and dry-out procedure were stored at room temperature. After 1, 3, and 5 months, the same experiment was performed to investigate the changes in genomic DNA in saliva samples. In case of saliva aliquots stored at room temperature and dry-out samples, the results in 2 weeks were also included. Integrity of DNA from saliva stored under various storage conditions was also evaluated by PCR amplification analysis of $\beta$-globin gene fragments (989-bp). The results were as follows: 1. Concentration of genomic DNA extracted from saliva was lower than that from blood (p<0.05), but there were no significant differences among various types of saliva samples. Purities of genomic DNA extracted from stimulated whole saliva and lyophilized one were significantly higher than that from blood (p<0.05). Purity of genomic DNA extracted from buccal swab was lower than those from various types of saliva samples (p<0.05). 2. Concentration of genomic DNA from saliva stored at room temperature showed gradual reduction after 1 month, and decreased significantly in 3 and 5 months (p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively). Purities of DNA from saliva stored for 3 and 5 months showed significant differences with those of fresh saliva and stored saliva for 1 month (p<0.05). 3. In the case of saliva stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and $-20^{\circ}C$, there were no significant changes of concentration of genomic DNA in 3 months. Concentration of DNA decreased significantly in 5 months (p<0.05). 4. There were no significant differences of concentration of genomic DNA from saliva stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ and from lyophilized one according to storage period. Concentration of DNA showed decreasing tendency in 5 months. 5. Concentration of genomic DNA immediately extracted from saliva dried on Petri dish were 60% compared with that of fresh saliva. Concentration of DNA from saliva stored at room temperature after dry-out showed rapid reduction within 2 weeks (p<0.05). 6. Amplification of $\beta$-globin gene using PCR was successful in all lyophilized saliva stored for 5 months. At the time of 1 month, $\beta$-globin gene was successfully amplified in all saliva samples stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-70^{\circ}C$, and in some saliva samples stored at $4^{\circ}C$. $\beta$-globin gene was failed to amplify in saliva stored at room temperature and dry-out saliva.
Keywords
Saliva; DNA; Storage; PCR; Stability;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Fredricks DN, Relman DA. Application of polymerase chain reaction to the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29(3):475-488   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Nissen MD, Sloots TP. Rapid diagnosis in pediatric infectious diseases: the past, the present and the future. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21(6):605-612   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Kornman KS, Crane A, Wang HY, di Giovine FS, Newman MG, Pirk FW, Wilson TG, Jr Higginbottom FL, Duff GW. The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24:72-77   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Kanter E, Baird M, Shaler R, Balazs I. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) recovered from dried bloodstains. J Forensic Sci 1986;31(2):403-408   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Lee JC, Chang JG. ABO genotyping by polymerase chain reaction. J Forensic Sci 1992;37(5):1269-1275
6 van Schie RC, Wilson ME. Saliva: a convinient source of DNA for analysis of bi-allelic polymorphisms of Fc receptor IIA (CD32) and Fc receptor IIIB (CD16). J Immunol Methods 1997;208:91-101   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Takahashi R, Matsuo S, Okuyama T, Sugiyama T. Degradation of macromolecules during preservation of lyophilized pathological tissues. Pathol Res Pract 1995;91(5):420-426
8 Mandel ID. The diagnostic uses of saliva. J Oral Pathol Med 1990;19:119-125   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Albarino CG, Romanowski, V. Phenol extraction revisited: a rapid method for the isolation and preservation of human genomic DNA from whole blood. Mol Cell Probes 1994;8(5):423-427   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Slavkin HC. Recombinant DNA technology and oral medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;758:314-328   DOI
11 Witt DR, Schaefer C, Hallam P, Wi S, Blumberg B, Fishbach A, Holtzman J, Kornfeld S, Lee R, Nemzer L, Palmer R. Cystic fibrosis heterozygote screening in 5161 pregnant women. Am J Hum Genet 1996;58:823-835
12 Weedn VW. Forensic DNA tests. Clin Lab Med 1996;16(1):187-196
13 Cushwa WT, Medrano JF. Effects of blood storage time and temperature on DNA yield and quality. Biotechniques 1993;14(2):204-207
14 Farkas DH, Drevon AM, Kiechle FL, DiCarlo RG, Heath EM, Crisan D. Specimen stability for DNA-based diagnostic testing. Diagn Mol Patho 1996;15(4):227-235
15 Linch CA, Smith SL, Prahlow JA. Evaluation of the human hair root for DNA typing subsequent to microscopic comparison. J Forensic Sci 1998;43(2):305-314
16 Weisberg EP, Giorda R, Trucco M, Lampasona V. Lyophilization as a method to store samples of whole blood. Biotechniques 1993;15(1):64-68
17 Elnifro EM, Ashshi AM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE. Multiplex PCR: optimization and application in diagnostic virology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000;13(4):559-570   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Malamud D. Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Br Med J 1992;305:207-208   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Sensabaugh GF. Isozymes in forensic science. Isozymes Curr Top Biol Med Res 1982;6:247-282
20 Paabo S. Molecular cloning of Ancient Egyptian mummy DNA. Nature 1985;314(6012):644-645   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Boyle JO, Mao L, Brennan JA, Koch WM, Eisele DW, Saunders JR, Sidransky D. Gene mutations in saliva as molecular markers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Surg 1994;168:429-432   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Huckenbeck W, Bonte W. DNA fingerprinting of freeze-dried tissues. Int J Legal Med 1992;105(1):39-41   DOI
23 Walker AH, Najarian D, White DL, Jaffe JM, Kanetsky PA, Rebbeck TR. Collection of genomic DNA by buccal swabs for polymerase chain reaction-based biomarker assays. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107: 517-520   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Giusti A, Baird M, Pasquale S, Balazs I, Glassberg J. Application of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymorphisms to the analysis of DNA recovered from sperm. J Forensic Sci 1986;31(2):409-417   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Gill P, Jeffreys AJ, Werret DJ. Forensic application of DNA 'finger printing'. Nature 1985;318:577-579   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Madisen L, Hoar DI, Holroyd CD, Crisp M, Hodes ME. DNA banking: the effects of storage of blood and isolated DNA on the integrity of DNA. Am J Med Genet 1987;27(2):379-390   DOI   ScienceOn
27 DeSalle R, Gatesy J, Wheeler W, Grimaldi D. DNA sequences from a fossil termite in Oligo-Miocene amber and their phylogenetic implications. Science 1992;257(5078):1933-1936   DOI
28 Lee HC, Ladd C, Scherczinger CA, Bourke MT. Forensic applications of DNA typing: part 2:collection and preservation of DNA evidence. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;19(1):10-18   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Lahiri DK, Schnabel B. DNA isolation by a rapid method from human blood samples: effects of MgCl2, EDTA, storage time, and temperature on DNA yield and quality. Biochem Genet 1993;31(7-8):321-328   DOI
30 Freeman B, Powell J, Ball D, Hill L, Craig I, Plomin R. DNA by mail: an inexpensive and noninvasive method for collecting DNA samples from widely dispersed populations. Behav Genet 1997;27(3):251-257   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Walsh DJ, Corey AC, Cotton RW, Forman L, Herrin GL Jr, Word CJ, Garner DD. Isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from saliva and forensic science samples containing saliva. J Forensic Sci 1992;37:387-395
32 Offit K, Gilewski T, McGuire P, Schluger A, Hampel H, Brown K, Swensen J, Neuhausen S, Skolnick M, Norton L, Goldgar D. Germline BRCA1 185delAG mutations in Jewish women with breast cancer. Lancet 1996;347:1643-1645   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Kan YW, Golbus MS, Dozy AM. Prenatal diagnosis of alpha-thalassemia. Clinical application of molecular hybridization. N Engl J Med 1976;295(21):1165-1167   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Sensabaugh GF. The utilization of polymorphic enzymes in forensic science. Isozymes Curr Top Biol Med Res 1983;11:137-154
35 Slavkin HC. Understanding human genetics. J Am Dent Assoc 1996;27:266-267
36 Hagerman RJ, Wilson P, Staley LW, Lang KA, Fan T, Uhlhorn C, Jewell-Smart S, Hull C, Drisko J, Flom K, Taylor AK. Evaluation of school children at high risk for fragile X syndrome utilizing buccal cell FMR-1 testing. Am J Med Genet 1994;51(4):474-481   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Meulenbelt I, Droog S, Trommelen GJ, Boomsma DI, Slagboom PE. High-yield noninvasive human genomic DNA isolation method for genetic studies in geographically dispersed families and populations. Am J Hum Genet 1995;57(5):1252-1254