Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.419

Ultrasonography of Various Thyroid Diseases in Children and Adolescents: A Pictorial Essay  

Hong, Hyun Sook (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Lee, Eun Hye (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Jeong, Sun Hye (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Park, Jisang (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Lee, Heon (Department of Radiology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Radiology / v.16, no.2, 2015 , pp. 419-429 More about this Journal
Abstract
Thyroid imaging is indicated to evaluate congenital hypothyroidism during newborn screening or in cases of a palpable thyroid mass in children and adolescents. This pictorial essay reviews the ultrasonography (US) of thyroid diseases in children and adolescents, including normal thyroid gland development, imaging features of congenital thyroid disorders (dysgenesis, [aplasia, ectopy, hypoplasia], dyshormonogenesis, transient hypothyroidism, thyroglossal duct cyst), diffuse thyroid disease (Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis), and thyroid nodules. The primary imaging modalities for evaluating thyroid diseases are US and radionuclide scintigraphy. Additionally, US can be used to guide aspiration of detected nodules.
Keywords
Thyroid disease; Ultrasonography; Children; Congenital hypothyroidism; Nodule; Diffuse thyroid disease;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Mitchell ML, Hsu HW, Sahai I; Massachusetts Pediatric Endocrine Work Group. The increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism: fact or fancy? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75:806-810   DOI
2 Davy T, Daneman D, Walfish PG, Ehrlich RM. Congenital hypothyroidism. The effect of stopping treatment at 3 years of age. Am J Dis Child 1985;139:1028-1030   DOI
3 Jeon G, Shin JH, Hong HS, Kim JH, Hwang JH, Goo DE, et al. Sonographic measurement of normal thyroid gland in the neonates. J Korean Soc Med Ultrasound 2001;20:207-212   DOI
4 Ueda D. Normal volume of the thyroid gland in children. J Clin Ultrasound 1990;18:455-462   DOI
5 Perry RJ, Hollman AS, Wood AM, Donaldson MD. Ultrasound of the thyroid gland in the newborn: normative data. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002;87:F209-F211   DOI
6 Vade A, Gottschalk ME, Yetter EM, Subbaiah P. Sonographic measurements of the neonatal thyroid gland. J Ultrasound Med 1997;16:395-399   DOI
7 Recommended normative values for thyroid volume in children aged 6-15 years. World Health Organization & International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Bull World Health Organ 1997;75:95-97
8 Som PM, Smoker WR, Curtin HD, Reidenberg JS, Laitman J. Congenital lesions of the neck. In: Som PM, Curtin HD, eds. Head and neck imaging, 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2011:2235-2285
9 Khurana KK, Labrador E, Izquierdo R, Mesonero CE, Pisharodi LR. The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules in children, adolescents, and young adults: a multi-institutional study. Thyroid 1999;9:383-386   DOI
10 Avula S, Daneman A, Navarro OM, Moineddin R, Urbach S, Daneman D. Incidental thyroid abnormalities identified on neck US for non-thyroid disorders. Pediatr Radiol 2010;40:1774-1780   DOI
11 Hung W, Anderson KD, Chandra RS, Kapur SP, Patterson K, Randolph JG, et al. Solitary thyroid nodules in 71 children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:1407-1409   DOI
12 Babcock DS. Thyroid disease in the pediatric patient: emphasizing imaging with sonography. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36:299-308, quiz 372-373   DOI
13 Chang YW, Hong HS, Choi DL. Sonography of the pediatric thyroid: a pictorial essay. J Clin Ultrasound 2009;37:149-157   DOI
14 Megremis S, Stiakaki E, Tritou I, Bonapart IE, Tsilimigaki A. Ectopic intrathyroidal thymus misdiagnosed as a thyroid nodule: sonographic appearance. J Clin Ultrasound 2008;36:443-447   DOI
15 Korea Central Cancer Registry Ministry of Health and Welfare. Republic of Korea. 2011 Annual report of the Korea. Central Cancer Registry. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare Republic of Korea, 2014. Web site. http://www.ncc.re.kr/. Accessed April 2004
16 Grigsby PW, Gal-or A, Michalski JM, Doherty GM. Childhood and adolescent thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2002;95:724-729   DOI
17 Brink JS, van Heerden JA, McIver B, Salomao DR, Farley DR, Grant CS, et al. Papillary thyroid cancer with pulmonary metastases in children: long-term prognosis. Surgery 2000;128:881-886; discussion 886-887   DOI
18 Shin LK, Olcott EW, Jeffrey RB, Desser TS. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer. Ultrasound Q 2013;29:25-32   DOI
19 Lee KY, Hong HS, Lee EH, Yi BH, Lee HK, Lee YW, et al. Imaging and clinical features of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. J Korean Soc Radiol 2011;65:181-189   DOI
20 Fenton CL, Lukes Y, Nicholson D, Dinauer CA, Francis GL, Tuttle RM. The ret/PTC mutations are common in sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma of children and young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1170-1175
21 Xing M. BRAF mutation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005;12:245-262   DOI
22 Grebe SK, Hay ID. Follicular thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995;24:761-801
23 Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, Alexander EK, Dorn GW 2nd, Tallini G, et al. RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2318-2326   DOI
24 Volante M, Rapa I, Gandhi M, Bussolati G, Giachino D, Papotti M, et al. RAS mutations are the predominant molecular alteration in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas and bear prognostic impact. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:4735-4741   DOI
25 Pearce EN, Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2646-2655   DOI
26 Yeh HC, Futterweit W, Gilbert P. Micronodulation: ultrasonographic sign of Hashimoto thyroiditis. J Ultrasound Med 1996;15:813-819   DOI
27 Pedersen OM, Aardal NP, Larssen TB, Varhaug JE, Myking O, Vik-Mo H. The value of ultrasonography in predicting autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid 2000;10:251-259   DOI
28 Niedziela M. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006;13:427-453   DOI
29 Donaldson M, Jones J. Optimising outcome in congenital hypothyroidism; current opinions on best practice in initial assessment and subsequent management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2013;5 Suppl 1:13-22   DOI
30 Chang YW, Lee DH, Hong YH, Hong HS, Choi DL, Seo DY. Congenital hypothyroidism: analysis of discordant US and scintigraphic findings. Radiology 2011;258:872-879   DOI
31 Som PM, Smoker WR, Reidenberg JS, Bergemann AD, Hudgins PA, Laitman J. Embryology and anatomy of the neck. In: Som PM, Curtin HD, eds. Head and neck imaging, 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, 2011:2117-2163
32 Zander DA, Smoker WR. Imaging of ectopic thyroid tissue and thyroglossal duct cysts. Radiographics 2014;34:37-50   DOI
33 Yoon HC, Kim NC, Lee DH. A cost-benefit analysis on neonatal screening of phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism in Korea. Korean J Pediatr 2005;48:369-375
34 Macchia PE. Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of primary congenital hypothyroidism. Mol Med Today 2000;6:36-42   DOI
35 Korzeniewski SJ, Grigorescu V, Kleyn M, Young WI, Birbeck G, Todem D, et al. Transient hypothyroidism at 3-year followup among cases of congenital hypothyroidism detected by newborn screening. J Pediatr 2013;162:177-182   DOI
36 Yang JY, Hong HS, Lee EH, Kim CH, Kwak JJ, Lee SW, et al. Analysis of the BRAFV600E mutation in thyroid nodules: the preoperative diagnostic role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for patients with papillary thyroid cancer and its impact on patient care. J Korean Soc Ultrasound Med 2011;30:103-112
37 Perry RJ, Maroo S, Maclennan AC, Jones JH, Donaldson MD. Combined ultrasound and isotope scanning is more informative in the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism than single scanning. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:972-976   DOI
38 Lee ST, Lee DH, Kim JY, Kwon MJ, Kim JW, Hong YH, et al. Molecular screening of the TSH receptor (TSHR) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) genes in Korean patients with nonsyndromic congenital hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;75:715-721   DOI
39 Moon WJ, Baek JH, Jung SL, Kim DW, Kim EK, Kim JY, et al. Ultrasonography and the ultrasound-based management of thyroid nodules: consensus statement and recommendations. Korean J Radiol 2011;12:1-14   DOI