Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.6113/JPE.2012.12.6.960

Simplified 2-D Analytical Model for Winding Loss Analysis of Flyback Transformers  

Zhang, Junming (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University)
Yuan, Wei (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University)
Zeng, Hulong (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University)
Qian, Zhaoming (College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University)
Publication Information
Journal of Power Electronics / v.12, no.6, 2012 , pp. 960-973 More about this Journal
Abstract
The winding loss analysis of a flyback transformer is difficult and ambiguous because the primary side current and the secondary side current differs both in shape and phase, especially for DCM (Discontinuous Conduction Mode) operation. Meanwhile, the fringing field caused by the air gaps further makes the traditional 1-D loss analysis model not directly applicable. The paper gives a thorough investigation into the phase shift of winding currents, which indicates that the phase shift of the high order harmonics is still close to $180^{\circ}$ out-of-phase. Based on the analysis, a simplified 2-D winding loss analytical model for flyback transformers considering the effects of low order harmonics is proposed. By neglecting the y components of the fringing field, the proposed model has an acceptable accuracy and a simple form that is similar to the conventional 1-D model. The power loss calculated with the proposed analysis model is verified by FEA (Finite Element Analysis) simulations and experimental results.
Keywords
DCM; Flyback; Winding loss;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 X. Nan and C. R. Sullivan," An Improved Calculation of Proximity-Effect Loss in High-Frequency Windings of Round Conductors," in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp. 853-860, 2003.
2 P. S. Venkatraman, "Winding eddy current losses in switch mode power transformers due to rectangular wave currents," in Proc. of Powercon 11, Sec. A, pp. 1-11, 1984.
3 B. Carsten, "High frequency conductor losses in switch mode magnetics," in Proc. High-frequency Power Converter Conf. Record, pp. 155-176, May 1986.
4 W. G. Hurley, E. Gath, and J. G. Breslin, "Optimizing the AC resistance of multilayer transformer windings with arbitrary current waveforms," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 369-376, Mar. 2000.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 R. Prieto, J.A. Cobos, O.Garcia, P. Alou and J. Uceda, "High frequency resistance in flyback type transformers," in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 714-719, 2000.
6 D. Lavers, E. Lavers," Waveform Dependent Switching Losses in Flyback Transformer Foil Windings," in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 116-112, 2002.
7 J. M. Lopera, M. J. Prieto, F. Nuno, A. M. Pernia, and J. Sebastian, "A quick way to determine the optimum layer size and their disposition in magnetic structures," in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp. 1150-1156, 1997.
8 C. R. Sullivan, "Computationally efficient winding loss calculation with multiple windings, arbitrary waveforms, and two- or three dimensional field geometry," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.142-150, Jan. 2001.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 C. R. Sullivan, T. Abdallah, "Optimization of a flyback transformer winding considering two-dimensional field effects, cost and loss," in Proc. IEEE APEC, pp. 1-7, 2001.
10 J. H. Spreen, "Electrical terminal representation of conductor loss in transformers", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 424-429, Oct.1990.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 J. Vandelac and P. D. Ziogas, "A novel approach for minimizing high frequency transformer copper losses," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol.3, No. 3, pp. 166-176, Jul. 1988.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Z. Y. Lu and W. Chen "Novel Winding Loss Analytical Model of Flyback Transformer," in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp.1213-1218, 2006.
13 Rudy Severns, "Additional losses in high frequency magnetics due to non ideal field distributions", in Proc. IEEE APEC., pp. 333-338, 1992
14 P. Wallmeier, N. Frohleke, and H. Grotstollen, "Improved analytical modeling of conductive losses in gapped high-frequency inductors", IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 558-567, Jul. 2001.
15 Jiankun Hu and C. R. Sullivan, "AC resistance of planar power inductors and the quasi-distributed gap technique", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 558-567, Jul. 2001.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 W. Chen, J. He, H. L. Luo, H. Hu, and C. Wen, "Winding loss analysis and new air-gap arrangement for high-frequency inductor," in Proc. IEEE PESC, pp. 2084-2089, 2001.
17 X. K. Mao, W. Chen, and Y. X. Li, "Winding Loss Mechanism Analysis and Design for New Structure High-Frequency Gapped Inductor," IEEE Trans. Magnetics, Vol.41, No. 10, pp. 4036-4038, Oct 2005.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 F. Robert, "A Theoretical Discussion About the Layer Copper Factor Used in Winding Losses Calculation," IEEE Trans. Magnetics, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 3177-3179, Sep. 2002.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 W. A. Roshen, "Fringing field formulas and winding loss due to an air gap," IEEE Trans. Magnetics, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 3387-3394, Aug. 2007.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 T. Komma and H. Gueldner, "The effect of different air-gap positions on the winding losses of modern planar ferrite cores in switch mode power supplies," in Proc. SPEEDAM, pp.632-637, 2008.
21 P. Wallmeier, N. Frohleke, and H. Grotstollen, "Automated optimization of high frequency inductors," in Proc. IEEE IECON, pp. 342-347, 1998.
22 P. Wallmeier and H. Grotstollen, "Magnetic shielding applied to high frequency inductors," in Proc. IEEE IAS, pp.1131-1138, 1997
23 E. C. Snelling, Soft Ferrites: Properties and Applications, 2nd ed. London, U.K.: Butterworth, 1988.
24 D. Murthy-Bellur and M. K. Kazimierczuk, "Winding losses caused by harmonics in high frequency transformers for pulse-width modulated DC-DC converters in discontinuous conduction mode," IET Power Electronics, Vol. 3, No.5, pp. 804-817, Sep. 2010.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 D. Murthy-Bellur, N. Kondrath, and M. K. Kazimierczuk, "Transformer winding loss caused by skin and proximity effects including harmonics in PWM DC-DC flyback converter for continuous conduction mode," IET Power Electronics, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 363-373, Apr. 2011.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 D. A. Nagarajan, D. Murthy-Bellur, and M. K. Kazimierczuk, "Harmonic winding losses in the transformer of a forward pulse width modulated dc-dc converter for continuous conduction mode," IET Power Electronics, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 221-236, Feb. 2012.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 P.L. Dowell, "Effects of eddy currents in transformer windings", Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 113, pp. 1387-1394, Aug. 1966.
28 M. P. Perry, "Multiple layer series connected winding design for minimum losses," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. PAS-98, No.1, pp. 116-123, Jan. 1979.
29 A.M. Urling, V.A. Niemela, G.R. Skutt, T.G. Wilson, "Characterizing high-frequency effects in transformer windings-a guide to several significant articles," in Proc. IEEE. APEC, pp. 373-385, 1989.
30 J. A. Ferreira, "Improved analytical modeling of conductive losses in magnetic components," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 127-131, Jan. 1994.   DOI   ScienceOn