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[ $G_1$ ] Phase Arrest of the Cell Cycle by a Ginseng Metabolite, Compound K, in U937 Human Monocytic Leukamia Cells  

Kang Kyoung Ah (Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University)
Kim Yeong Wan (Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University)
Kim Seung Uk (Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University)
Chae Sungwook (Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University)
Koh Young Sang (Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University)
Kim Hee Sun (Department of Neuro-science, Ewha Womans University Medical School)
Choo Min Kyung (Department of Microbial Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University)
Kim Dong Hyun (Department of Microbial Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University)
Hyun Jin Won (Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Cheju National University)
Publication Information
Archives of Pharmacal Research / v.28, no.6, 2005 , pp. 685-690 More about this Journal
Abstract
We recently reported that the ginseng saponin metabolite, compound K (20-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyra-nosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, IH901), inhibits the growth of U937 cells through caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. In this study, we further characterized the effects of compound K on U937 cells and found that, in addition to apoptosis, compound K induced the arrest of the G1 phase. The compound K treated U937 cells showed increased p21 expression; an inhibitory protein of cyclincdk complex. The up-regulation of p21 was followed by the inactivation of cyclin D and the cdk4 protein, which act at the early $G_1$ phase, and cyclin E, which acts at the late $G_1$ phase. Furthermore, compound K induced the activation of JNK and the transcription factor AP-1, which is a downstream target of JNK. These findings suggest that the up-regulation of p21 and activation of JNK in the compound K treated cells contribute to the arrest of the $G_1$ phase.
Keywords
Compound K; U937 cell; Apoptosis; null; p21; AP-1; JNK;
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