Browse > Article

Chronic Exposure of Nicotine Modulates the Expressions of the Cerebellar Glial Glutamate Transporters in Rats  

Lim, Dong-Koo (College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University)
Kim, Han-Soo (College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University)
Publication Information
Archives of Pharmacal Research / v.26, no.4, 2003 , pp. 321-329 More about this Journal
Abstract
Rats were given nicotine (25 ppm) in their drinking water at the start of their mating period in order to study the expressions of glutamate transporter subtypes in cerebellar astrocytes following the chronic exposure of nicotine after mating. After the offspring were delivered, each group was divided into two subgroups. One group, the control group, was given distilled water only and the other group, the experimental group, was given distilled water containing nicotine. The cerebellar astrocytes were prepared from 7 day-old pups at each group. Ten days after the cells were cultured, the expression of the glutamate transporter subtypes (GLAST and GLT-1) was determined using immunochemistry and immunoblotting. During the continuous treatments, the developmental expression patterns of the GLAST and GLT-1 in the cerebellum were also determined from 2, 4 and 8 week-old rats. The expression levels of GLAST in cultured astrocytes of both the pre- or post-natally exposed groups were higher than those of the control group. However, these expression levels of the continuously exposed group were lower than those of the control group. Compared to those of the control group, the GLT-1 expression levels of all the nicotine-treated groups were higher, particularly in the continuously treated group.. According to the results from the immochemistry procedure, the cerebellar GLAST and GLT-1 expression levels of all nicotine-treated groups were lower than those of the control group at each age. However, the immunoblotting procedure showed that the cerebellar GLT-1 expression levels of all the nicotine-treated groups were higher than those of the control group, except for the rats that were continuously exposed for 8 weeks using immunoblotting. These results suggest that the expression of the glial GLAST and GLT-1 are altered differently depending on the initial exposure time and the partcicular period of nicotine exposure. In addition, nicotine exposure during gestation has persistent effects on glial cells.
Keywords
Nicotine; Cerebellum; GLAST; GLT-1;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 1  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 1
연도 인용수 순위
1 Akaike, A., Tamura, Y, Yokota, T, Shimohama, S., and Kimura J., Nicotine-induced protection of cultured cortical neurons against N-methyl-O-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate cytotoxicity. Brain Res., 644, 181-187 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Aramakis, V. B. and Metherate, R., Nicotine selectively enhances NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission during postnatal development in sensory neocortex. J. Neurosci., 18, 8485-8495 (1998)   PUBMED
3 Colling ridge, G. L. and Lester R. A. J., Excitatory amino acid receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev., 41,143-210 (1989)   PUBMED
4 Fairman, W. A., Vandenverg, R. J., Arriza, J. L., Kavanaugh, M. P., and Amara, S. G., An excitatory amino acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel. Nature, 375, 599-603 (1995)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
5 Gegelashvili, G. and Schousboe, A., High affinity glutamate transporters: Regulation of expression and activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 52, 6-15 (1997)
6 Kondo, K., Hashimoto, H., Kitanaka, J., Sawada, M., Suzumura, A., Marunouchi, T., and Baba, A., Expression of glutamate transporters in cultured glial cells. Neurosci. Lett., 188, 140-142 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
7 McCaslin, P P. and Morgan, W. W., Cultured cerebellar cells as in vitro model of excitatory amino acid receptor function. Brain Res., 417, 380-384 (1987)   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Mennerick, S. and Zorumski, C. F., Glial contribution to excitatory neurotransmission in cultured hippocampal cells. Nature, 368, 59-62 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Newman, M. B., Shytle, R. D., and Sanberg, P. R., Locomotor behavioral effects of prenatal and postnatal nicotine exposure in rat offspring. Behav. Pharmacol., 10, 700-706 (1999)
10 Rop, P. P., Grimaldi, F., Oddoze, C., and Viala, A., Determination of nicotine and its main metabolites in urine by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 612, 302-309 (1993)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
11 Sutheland, M. L., Delaney, T. A., and Noebel, J. L., Glutamate transporter mRNA expression in proliferative zones of the developing and adult murine CNS. J. Neurosci., 16, 2191-2207 (1996)   PUBMED
12 Tang, B., Hanna, S. T., and wang, R., Effects of nicotine on $K^{+}$ channel currents in vascular smooth muscle cells rat tail arteies, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 364, 247-254 (1999)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
13 Trotti, D., Rizzini, B. L., Rossi, D., Haugeto, O., Racagni, G., Danbolt, N. C., and Volterra, A., Neuronal and glial glutamate transporters possess an SH-based redox regulatory mechanism. Eur. J. Neurosci., 9, 1236-1243 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Meldrum, B. and Garthwaite, J., Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 11, 379-387 (1990)   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Tzavara, E. T, Monory, K., Hanoune, J., and Nomikos, G. G., Nicotine withdrawal syndrome: behabioural distress and selective up-regulation of the cyclic AMP pathway in the amygdala. Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 149-153 (2002)   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Zhang, X., Gong, Z., and Nordberg, A, Effects of chronic treatment with (+)- and (-)-nicotine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in rat brain. Brain Res., 644, 32-39 (1994)   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Ajarem, J. S. andAhmad, M., Prenatal nicotine exposure modifies behavior of mice through early development. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 59, 313-318 (1993)
18 Hazell, A. S., Rao, K. V. R., Danbolt, N. C., Pow, D. V., and Butterworth, R. F., Selective down-regulation of the astrocyte glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST within the medial thalamus in experimental Wernickes encepholopathy. J. Neurochem., 78, 560-568 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Levy, L. M., Lehre, K. P, Walaas, S. I., Storm-Mathison, J., and Danbolt, N. C., Down-regulation of glial glutamate transporters after glutamatergic denervation in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci., 7, 2036-2041 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Li, X., Zoli, M., Finnman, U., NeNovere, N., Changeux, J., and Fuxe, K., A single (-)-nicotine injection causes change with a time delay in the affinity of striatal $D_2$ receptors for antagonist, but not for agonist, nor in the $D_2$ receptor mRNA levels in the rat substantia nigra. Brain Res., 678, 157-167 (1995)
21 Martin, B. R., Nicotine receptors in the central nervous system. In Conn, P. M. (Ed), The receptors. Academic Press, New York, pp. 393-415 (1986)
22 Fung, Y K., Schmid, M. J., Anderson, T. M., and Lau Y, Effects of nicotine withdrawal on central dopaminergic systems. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 53, 635-640 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Nicholis, D. and Attwell, D., The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 11, 462-468 (1990)   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Nakayama, H., Numakawa, T., Ikeuchi, T., and Hatanaka, H., Nicotine-induced phosphorylation of extracellual signalregulated protein kinase and CREB in PC12h cells. J. Neurochem., 79, 489-498 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J., Farr, A. L., and Randall, R. J., Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265-275 (1951)   PUBMED
26 Birtwistle, J. and Hall K., Does nicotinehave beneficial effectsin the treatment of certain diseases? Br. J. Nurs., 5, 1195-1202 (1997)
27 Gattu, M., Pauly, J. R., Boss, K. L., Summers, J. B., and Buccafusco J. J., Cognitive impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of central nicotinic receptors. Brain Res., 771, 89-103 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Lim, D. K. and Kim H.S., Changes in the glutamate release and uptake of cerebellar cells in perinatally nicotine-exposed rat pups. Neurochem. Res., 26, 1119-1125 (2001)   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Furuta, A., Rothstein, J. D., and Martin, L. J., Glutamate transporter protein subtypes are expressed differentially during rat CNS development. J. Neurosci., 17, 8363-8375 (1997)   PUBMED
30 Seal, R P. and Amara, S. G., Excitatory amino acid transporters: A farnity in flux. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 39, 431-456 (1993)   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Rothstein, J. D., Dykes-Hoberg, M., Pardo, C. A., Bristol, L. A., Jin, L., Kuncl, R. W., Kanai, Y., Hediger, M., Wang, Y., Schinke, J. P., and Welty, D. F., Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglia transport in exctotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron, 16, 675-686 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Borlongan, C. V., Shytle, R. D., Ross, S. D., Shimizu, T., Freeman, T. B., Cahill, D. W., and Sanberg, P. R., (-)-Nicotine protects against systemic kainic acid-induced excitotoxic effects. Exp. Neurology, 136, 261-265 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Bristol, L. A. and Rothstein, J. D., Glutamate transporter gene expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor cortex. Ann. Neurol., 39, 676-679 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Roth, R. H., Elsworth, J. D., and Morrow, B. A., Prenatal nicotine exposure disrupts short-term memory in spontaneous object recognition task. Soc. Neurosci. Abs., 26, Part1, 1095 (2000)
35 Nordberg, A., Zhang, X., Fredriksson, A., and Eriksson, P., Neonatal nicotine exposure induces permanent changes in brain nicotine receptors and behaviour in adult mice. Dev. Brain Res., 63, 201-207 (1991)   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Garcia-Munoz, M., Patino, P, Young, S. J., and Groves P. M., Effects of nicotine on dopaminergic nigrostriatal axons requires stimulation of presynaptic glutamatergic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 277, 1685-1693 (1996)   PUBMED
37 Thomas, J. D., Garrison, M. E., Slawecki, C. J., Ehlers, C. L., and Riley, E. P., Nicotine exposure during the neonatal brain growth spurt produces hyperactivity in preweanling rats. Neurotoxicol. Teratol., 22, 695-701 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Conradt, M. and Stoffel, W., Inhibition of the high-affinity brain glutamate transporter GLAST via direct phosphorylation. J. Neurochem., 68, 1244-1251 (1997)   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
39 Lim, D. K., Park, S. H., and Choi, W. J., Subacute nicotine D. K. Lim and H. S. Kim exposure in cultured cerebellar cells increased the release and uptake of glutamate. Arch. Pharm. Res., 23, 488-494 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
40 LoPachin, R. M. and Aschner, M., Glial-neuronal interactions: Relevance to neurotoxic mechanisms. Toxicol. Appli. Pharmacol., 118, 141-158 (1993)   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Rao, V. L. R., Rao, A. M., Dogan, A., Bowen, K. K., Hatcher, J., Rothstein, J. D., and Demsey, R. J., Glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 down-regulation procedes delayed neuronal death in gerbril hippocampus following transient global cerebral ischemia. Neuchem. Int., 36, 531-537 (2000)
42 Swanson, R. A., Liu, J., Miller, J. M., Rothstein, J. D., Farrell, K., Stein, E,. A., and Longuemare, M. C., Neuronal regulation of glutemate transporter subtype expression in astrocytes. J. Neurosci., 17, 932-940 (1997)   PUBMED
43 Tizabi, Y, Russell, L. T, Nespor, S. M., Perry, D. C., and Grunberg, N. E., Prenatal nicotine exposure: Effects on locomotor activity and central [$^{125}I$]$\alpha$-BT binding in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 66, 495-500 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Arriza, J. L., Fairman, W. A., Wadiche, J. I., Murdoch, G. H., Kavanaugh, M. P., and Amara, S. G., Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex. J. Neurosci., 14, 5559-5569 (1994)   PUBMED
45 Casado, M., Bendahan, A., Zafra, F., Danbolt, N. C., Aragon, C., Gimenez, C., and Kanner, B.I., Phosphorylation and modulation of brain glutamate transporters by protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem., 268, 27313-27317 (1993)   PUBMED
46 Perez De La Mora, M., Mendez-Franco, J., Salceda, R., Aguirre, J. A., and Fuxe, K., Neurochemical effects of nicotine on glutamate and GABA mechanisms in the rat brain. Acta. Physiol. Scand., 141, 241-250 (1991)   DOI   ScienceOn