Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5478/MSL.2019.10.1.1

Amphetamine-type Stimulants in Drug Testing  

Chung, Heesun (Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University)
Choe, Sanggil (Forensic Toxicology Section, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service)
Publication Information
Mass Spectrometry Letters / v.10, no.1, 2019 , pp. 1-10 More about this Journal
Abstract
Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are a group of ${\beta}$-phenethylamine derivatives that produce central nervous system stimulants effects. The representative ATS are methamphetamine and 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and abuse of ATS has become a global problem. Methamphetamine is abused in North America and Asia, while amphetamine and 3, 4-methyle nedioxym ethamphetamine (Ecstasy) are abused in Europe and Australia. Methamphetamine is also the most abused drug in Korea. In addition to the conventional ATS, new psychoactive substances (NPS) including phenethylamines and synthetic cathinones, which have similar effects and chemical structure to ATS, continue to spread to the global market since 2009, and more than 739 NPS have been identified. For the analysis of ATS, two tests that have different theoretical principles have to be conducted, and screening tests by immunoassay and confirmatory tests using GC/MS or LC/MS are the global standard methods. As most ATS have a chiral center, enantiomer separation is an important point in forensic analysis, and it can be conducted using chiral derivatization reagents or chiral columns. In order to respond to the growing drug crime, it is necessary to develop a fast and efficient analytical method.
Keywords
Amphetamine-type stimulants; ATS; methamphetamine; new psychoactive substances; NPS;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Baz-Lomba, J. A.; Reid, M. J.; Thomas, K. V.; Anal. Chim. Acta 2016, 914, 81.   DOI
2 Madireddy, S. B., Bodeddula, V. R.; Mansani, S. K.; Wells, M. J.; Boles, J. O. J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 254, 46.   DOI
3 Machado, Y.; Neto, J. C.; Barbosa, P. E. N.; Lardeiro, R. A.; Alves, R. B. Forensic Sci. Int. 2017, 275, 302.   DOI
4 Velapoldi, R. A.; Wicks, S. A. J. Forensic Sci., 1994, 19, 636.
5 Taschwer, M.; Weiss J. A.; Kunert, O.; Schmid, M. G. Forensic Sci. Int. 2014, 244, e56.   DOI
6 Alsenedi, K. A.; Morrison, C. J. Chromatogr. B 2018, 1076, 91.   DOI
7 Chen, P.; Chen, S.; Chen, J.; Hanung, W.; Liu, H.; Kong, P.; Yang, O. H.; Anal. Chim. Acta 2016, 946, 1.   DOI
8 Mercieca, G.; Odoardi, S.; Cassar, M.; Rossi, S. S. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2018, 149, 494.   DOI
9 Quintela O.; Cruz A.; Castro A.; Concheiro M.; Lopez-Rivadulla M. J. Chromatogr. B 2005, 825, 63.   DOI
10 Koster R. A.; Alffenaar J. W.; Greijdanus B.; VanDerNagel J. E.; Uges D. R. Ther. Drug Monit. 2014, 36, 35.   DOI
11 Fucci N.; De Giovanni N.; Scarlata S. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008, 174, 107.   DOI
12 Martins, L. F.; Yegles, M.; Thieme, D.; Wenning, R. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008, 176, 38.   DOI
13 Lee, S.; Park, Y.; Yang, W.; Han, E.; Choe, S.; In, S.; Lim, M.; Chung, H. J. Chromatogr. B 2008, 865, 33.   DOI
14 Beckett, A. H.; Rowland, M. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1965, 109s.
15 Chen, X.; Wijsbeek, J.; Veen, J. V.; Franke, J. P.; De Zeeuw, R. A. J. Chromatogr. B 1990, 529, 161.   DOI
16 Maquille A.; Guillarme D.; Rudaz S.; Veuthey J. Chromatographia 2009, 70, 1373.   DOI
17 Gjerde H.; Langel K.; Favretto D.; Verstraete A. G. Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, 256, 42.   DOI
18 Theodoridis, G.; Koster, E. H. M.; De Jong, G. J. J. Chromatogr. B 2000, 745, 49.   DOI
19 Myung, S.; Min, H.; Kim, S.; Kim, M.; Cho, J.; Kim, T. J Chromatogr. B 1998, 716, 359.   DOI
20 Hornbeck, C. L.; Czarny, R. J. J. Anal. Toxicol 1989, 13, 251.   DOI
21 Lee, S.; Han, E.; Park, Y.; Choi, H.; Chung, H. Forensic Sci. Int. 2009, 190, 1.   DOI
22 Peters, F. T.; Drummer, O. H.; Musshoff, F. Forensic Sci. Int, 2007, 165, 216.   DOI
23 Shu, I.; Alexander, A.; Jones, M.; Jones, J.; Negrusz, A. J. Chromatogr. B 2016, 128, 145.
24 Souza, D. J.; Boehl, P. O.; Comiran, E.; Mariotti, K. C.; Pechansky, F.; Duarte, P. C.; De Boni, R.; Froehlich, P. E.; Limberger, R. P. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 696, 67.   DOI
25 Raihana, W. W.; Gana, S. H.; Tan, S. C. J. Chromatogr. B 2011, 879, 8.   DOI
26 Wang, T.; Shen, B.; Shi, Y.; Xiang, P.; Yu, Z. Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, 246, 72.   DOI
27 Al-Dirbashi, O.; Wada, M.; Kuroda, N.; Inuduka, S.; Nakashima K. Biomed. Chromatogr. 1999, 13, 543.   DOI
28 Scarcella, D.; Tagliaro, F.; Turrina, S.; Manetto, G.; Nakahara, Y.; Smith, F. P.; Marigo M. Forensic Sci. Int. 1997, 89, 33.   DOI
29 Segawa, H.; Iwata, Y. T.; Yamamuro, T.; Kuwayama, K.; Tsujikawa, K.; Kanamori, T.; Inoue, H. Forensic Sci. Int. 2017, 273, 39.   DOI
30 Tagliaro, F.; Manetto, G.; Bellini, S.; Scarcella, D.; Smith, F. P.; Marigo, M. Electrophoresis 1998, 19, 42.   DOI
31 De Cresce, R.; Mazura, A.; Lifshitz, M.; Tilson, J. Drug testing in the workplace, American Society of Clinical Pathology Press: Chicago, 1989, 108.
32 Han, E.; Lee, S.; In, S.; Park, M.; Park, Y.; Cho, S.; Shin, J.; Lee, H. Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, 254, 59.   DOI
33 Kwong T. C.; Chamberlain R. T.; Frederick D. L.; Kapur B.; Suhchine I. Clin. Chem. 1988, 34, 605.   DOI
34 Cook, C. E.; Jeffcoat, A. R.; Sadler, B. M.; Hill, J. M.; Voyksner, R. D.; Pugh, D. E.; White, W. R.; Perez-Reyes, M. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1992, 20, 856.
35 Shappel, S. A.; Kearns, G. L.; Valentine, J. L.; Neri, D. F.; DeJohn, C. A. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1996, 36, 1051.   DOI
36 Choi, H.; Choi, S.; Park, M.; Son, H.; Kim, E.; Han, E.; Chung, H. Kor. J. Forensic Sci. 2002, 3, 139.
37 Lee, S.; Han, E.; Park, Y.; Choi, H.; Chung, C. Forensic Sci. Int. 2009, 190, 16.   DOI
38 Caldwell, J.; Dring, L. G.; Williams, R. T. Biochem. J. 1972, 129, 11.   DOI
39 Beckett, A. H.; Rowland, M. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1965, 109s.
40 Bosker, W. M.; Heustis, M. A. Clin. Chem. 2009, 55, 1910.   DOI
41 Drummer, O. H. Clin. Biochem. Rev. 2006, 27, 147.
42 Scheidweiler, K. B.; Huestis, M. A. J. Chromatogr. B 2006, 835, 90.   DOI
43 Yoo, Y. C.; Chung, H. S.; Choi, H. K. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1994, 18, 265.   DOI
44 Cody, J. T. Forensic Sci. Rev. 1993, 5, 109.
45 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Recommended methods for the detection and assay of heroin, cannabinoids, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and ring-substituted amphetamine derivatives in biological specimens, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime: New York, 1995.
46 Oh, E. S.; Hong, S. K.; Kang, G. I. Xenobiotica 1992, 22, 377.   DOI
47 Tseng, Y. L.; Lin, C. T.; Wang, S. M.; Liu, R. H. J. Forensic Sci. 2007, 52, 479.   DOI
48 La Croix, R.; Pianezzola, E.; Strolin Benedetti, M. J. Chromatogr. B 1994, 656, 251.   DOI
49 Smith, M. L.; Nichols, D. C.; Underwood, P.; Fuller, Z.; Moser, M. A.; Flegel, R.; Gorelick, D. A.; Mewmeyer, M. N.; Concheiro, M.; Huestis, M. A. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38, 524.   DOI
50 World Health Organization. A report from the WHO meeting on amphetamines, MDA and other psychostimulants, Programme on substance abuse division of health and prevention of substance abuse, World Health Organization: Geneva, 1997.
51 United Nations Drug Control Program. Amphetaminetype stimulants : a global review, United Nations International Drug Control Programme:Vienna, 1996.
52 United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention. Global illicit drug trends, United Nations Publication: New York, 1999.
53 Harro, J. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2015, 120, 179.   DOI
54 McKetin, R.; McLaren, J.; Lubman, D. I.; Hides, L. Addiction 2006, 101, 1473.   DOI
55 Ren, W.; Luan, X.; Zhang, J.; Gutteea, P.; Cai, Y.; Zhao, J.; Gu, Y.; Wu, C.; Su, H.; Tao. J.; Xie, Y.; Lv, D.; Feng, L., He, J. J. Affect. Disord. 2017, 221, 164.
56 Moallem, N. R.; Courteny, K. E.; Ray, L. A. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018, 187, 1.   DOI
57 Niemi-Pynttari, J. A.; Sund, R.; Putkonen, H.; Vorma, H.; Wahlbeck, K.; Pirkola, S. P. J. Clin. Pshchiatry 2013, 74, e94.   DOI
58 Kittirattanapaiboon, P.; Mahatnirunkul, S.; Booncharoen, H.; Thummawomg, P.; Dumrongchai, U.; Chutha, W. Drug Alchol Rev. 2010, 29, 456.   DOI
59 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. United Nations General Assembly, Special session on the world drug problem: New York, 1998.
60 Edeleano, L. Uber einige Derivate der Phenylmethacrylsaure und der Phenylisobuttersaure, In: Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin; 20. Jg. 1887, Band 3, S. 616.
61 Rassool, G. H. Alcohol and Drug Misuse: A Handbook for Students and Health Professionals. Routledge: London. 2009, 113.
62 Levy, W. O.; Kalidas, K.; Miller, N. S. Principles of Addictions and the Law: Application in Forensic, Mental Health, and Medical Practice. Academic Press, 2010, 307.
63 Rasmussen, N. J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 2006, 61, 288.   DOI
64 Fasihpour, B.; Molavi, S.; Shariat, S. V. J. Ment. Health 2013, 22, 341.   DOI
65 Grobler, S. R.; Chikte, U.; Westraat, J. ISRN Dentistry 2011, 2011, 1.   DOI
66 Park, D.; Nordahl, T. J. Addict Res. Ther. 2014, 5, 1.
67 Desoxyn Prescribing Information. United States Food and Drug Administration, 2013.
68 Rasmussen, N. On Speed: The many lives of amphetamine. New York University Press, 2008, 148.
69 Rasmussen, N. J. Interdiscip. Hist. 2011, 42, 205.   DOI
70 Defalque, R. J.; Wright, A. J. Bull. Anesth. Hist. 2011, 29, 21.   DOI
71 Reding, N. Methland: The death and life of an American small town. Boomsbury: New York, 2009, 45.
72 Controlled Substances Act, United States Food and Drug Administration. 2009, Retrieved 4 November 2013.
73 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, United Nations, 1971; see https://www.unodc.Org/pdf/convention_1971_en.pdf.
74 Freudenmann, R. W.; Oxler, F., Bernschneider-Reif, S. Addiction 2006, 101, 1241.   DOI
75 Sessa, B.; Nutt, D. l. Br. J. Psychiatery 2015, 206, 4.   DOI
76 Siegel, R. K. J. Psychoactive Drugs 1986, 18, 349.   DOI
77 Hart, C. L.; Marvin, C. B.; Silver, R.; Smith, E. E. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012, 37, 586.   DOI
78 Karch, S. B.; Drummer, O. H. Karch's pathology of drug abuse, 5th ed.. CRC Press, 2016, 396.
79 Breen, A. R.; Mechan, A. O.; Elliott, J. M.; O'shea, E.; Colado, M. I. Pharmacol. Rev. 2003, 55, 463.   DOI
80 Schenk, S.; Foote, J.; Aronsen, D.; Bukholt, N.; Highgate, Q.; Wetering, R.; Webster, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2016, 148, 38.   DOI
81 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, Global illicit drug trends 2001, United Nations, 2002.
82 United Nations International Drug Control Programme. Amphetamine-type stimulants: A problem requiring priority attention, United Nations General Assembly, Special session on the world drug problem, New York, 1998.
83 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, The challenge of synthetic drugs in East and South-East Asia, Trends and patterns of amphetamine-type stimulants and new psychoactive substances, A report from the global SMART Programme, Vienna, 2017.
84 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Market analysis of synthetic drugs: Amphetamine-type stimulants, new psychoactive substances, World Drug Report 2017, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. 2018.
85 Kwon, N. K.; Han, E. Forensic Sci. Int. 2018, 286, 81.   DOI
86 Korean Association Against Drug Abuse (KAADA), Statistical results for drugs in Korea, 2014-2016.
87 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. What are NPS? See https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Page/NPS.
88 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. New psychoactive substances: overview of trends, challenges and legal approaches, 2016.
89 Law of Republic of Korea: Narcotics Control Act, In: eds., 2016, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. See https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=37716&lang=ENG.
90 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Categories of new psychoactive substances sold in the market. United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime, 2014. See https://www.unodc.org/doc/wdr2013/Chp1_F.pdf.
91 Patel, N. B. East Afr. Med. J. 2009, 77, 329.
92 Grecco, G. G.; Kisor, D. F.; Magura, J. S.; Sprague, J. E. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2017, 328, 18.   DOI
93 Bodnar Willard M. A.; McGuffin, V. L.; Smith, R. W. Forensic Sci. Int. 2017, 270, 111.   DOI
94 O'Neal C. L.; Crouch D. J.; Fatah A. A. Forensic Sci. Int. 2000, 109, 189.   DOI
95 United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their ringsubstituted analogues in seized materials, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime: New York, 2006.
96 Miyaguchi, H.; Tokeshi, M.; Kikutani, Y.; Hibara, A.; Inoue, H.; Kitamori, T. J. Chromatogr. A 2006, 1129, 105.   DOI
97 Souza, D. Z.; boehl, P. O.; Comiran, E.; Mariotti, K. C.; Pechansky, F.; Duarte, P.; Boni, R. D.; Froehlich, P. E.; Limberger, R. P. Anal. Chim. Acta 2011, 696, 67.   DOI
98 Lehmann, S.; Kieliba, T.; Beike, J.; Thevis, M.; Mercer-Chalmers-Bender, K. J. Chromatogr. B 2017, 1064, 124.   DOI
99 Hayashi K.; Wakabayashi C.; Ikushima Y.; Tarui M. Subst. Abuse Treat Prev. Police 2017, 12, 91.
100 Guirguis, A.; Corkery, J. M.; Stair, J. L.; Kirton, S. B.; Zloh, M.; Schifano, F. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 2017, 32.
101 Capriola, M. Clin. Pharmacol. 2013, 5, 109.   DOI