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Zhou W, Yan Q, Li JY, Zhang XC, Zhou P. 2008. Biotransformation of Panax notoginseng saponins into ginsenoside compound K production by Paecilomyces bainier sp 229. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104: 699-706.
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Ryu JS, Lee HJ, Bae SH, Kim SY, Park Y, Suh HJ, et al. 2013. The bioavailability of red ginseng extract fermented by Phellinus linteus. J. Ginseng Res. 37: 108-116.
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Yoo JM, Lee JY, Lee YG, Baek S, Kim MR. 2019. Enhanced production of compound K in fermented ginseng extracts by Lactobacillus brevis. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 28: 823-829.
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Han Y, Sun B, Hu X, Zhang H, Jiang B, Spranger MI, et al. 2007. Transformation of bioactive compounds by Fusarium sacchari fungus isolated from the soil-cultivated ginseng. J. Agr. Food Chem. 55: 9373-9379.
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Choi HJ, Kim EA, Kim DH, Shin KS. 2014. The bioconversion of red ginseng ethanol extract into compound K by Saccharomyces cerevisiae HJ-014. Mycobiology 42: 256-261.
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Shin KC, Kim TH, Choi JH, Oh DK. 2018. Complete biotransformation of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides to 20-O-betaglucopyranosyl- 20(S)-protopanaxadiol using a novel and thermostable beta-glucosidase. J. Agric. Food Chem. 66: 2822-2829.
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Kim EH, Lim S, Kim SO, Ahn SH, Choi YJ. 2013. Optimization of enzymatic treatment for compound K production from white ginseng extract by response surface methodology. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochnol. 77: 1138-1140.
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Zheng Y, Zheng Z, Ming Y, Bai Y, Chen L, Huang W, et al. 2019. Compound K producing from the enzymatic conversion of gypenoside by naringinase. Food Chem. Toxicol. 130: 253-261.
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Kim BH, Lee SY, Cho HJ, You SN, Kim YJ, Park YM, et al. 2006. Biotransformation of Korean Panax ginseng by pectinex. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29: 2472-2478.
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Bae EA, Kim NY, Han MJ, Choo MK, Kim DH. 2003. Transformation of ginsenosides to compound K (IH-901) by lactic acid bacteria of human intestine. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13: 9-14.
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Song BK, Kim KM, Choi KD, Im WT. 2017. Production of the rare ginsenoside Rh2-MIX (20(S)-Rh2, 20(R)-Rh2, Rk2, and Rh3) by enzymatic conversion combined with acid treatment and evaluation of its anti-cancer activity. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27: 1233-1241.
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Hanif A, Yasmeen A, Rajoka MI. 2004. Induction, production, repression, and de-repression of exoglucanase synthesis in Aspergillus niger. Bioresour. Technol. 94: 311-319.
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Gao J, Wang J, Cui J, Wang N, Bai YM, Yuan Y, et al. 2014. Purification and characterization of two novel beta-glucosidases from Penicillium oxalicum and their application in bioactive ginsenoside production. Biocatal. Biotransformation 32: 199-207.
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Chi H, Kim DH, Ji GE. 2005. Transformation of ginsenosides Rb2 and Rc from Panax ginseng by food microorganisms. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28: 2102-2105.
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Lee GW, Yoo MH, Shin KC, Kim KR, Kim YS, Lee KW, et al. 2013. beta-Glucosidase from Penicillium aculeatum hydrolyzes exo-, 3-O-, and 6-O-beta-glucosides but not 20-O-beta-glucoside and other glycosides of ginsenosides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 97: 6315-6324.
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Qin Y, Zhou XW, Zhou W, Li XW, Feng MQ, Zhou P. 2008. Purification and properties of a novel beta-glucosidase, hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rbl to CK, from Paecilomyces Bainier. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18: 1081-1089.
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Upadhyaya J, Kim MJ, Kim YH, Ko SR, Park HW, Kim MK. 2016. Enzymatic formation of compound-K from ginsenoside Rb1 by enzyme preparation from cultured mycelia of Armillaria mellea. J. Ginseng Res. 40: 105-112.
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Upadhyaya J, Yoon MS, Kim MJ, Ryu NS, Song YE, Kim YH, et al. 2016. Purification and characterization of a novel ginsenoside Rchydrolyzing beta-glucosidase from Armillaria mellea mycelia. AMB Express. 6: 112.
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Chi H, Ji GE. 2005. Transformation of ginsenosides Rb1 and Re from Panax ginseng by food microorganisms. Biotechnol. Lett. 27: 765-771.
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Kim MJ, Upadhyaya J, Yoon MS, Ryu NS, Song YE, Park HW, et al. 2018. Highly regioselective biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb2 into compound Y and compound K by beta-glycosidase purified from Armillaria mellea mycelia. J. Ginseng Res. 42: 504-511.
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Liu CY, Zhou RX, Sun CK, Jin YH, Yu HS, Zhang TY, et al. 2015. Preparation of minor ginsenosides C-Mc, C-Y, F2, and C-K from American ginseng PPD-ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. J. Ginseng Res. 39: 221-229.
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Kim SA, Shin KC, Oh DK. 2019. Complete biotransformation of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides into 20-O-betaglucopyranosyl- 20(S)-protopanaxadiol by permeabilized recombinant Escherichia coli cells coexpressing beta-glucosidase and chaperone genes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 67: 8393-8401.
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Liu CY, Jin YH, Yu HS, Sun CK, Gao P, Xiao YK, et al. 2014. Biotransformation pathway and kinetics of the hydrolysis of the 3-O-and 20-O-multi-glucosides of PPD-type ginsenosides by ginsenosidase type I. Process Biochem. 49: 813-820.
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Yu HS, Zhang CZ, Lu MC, Sun F, Fu YY, Jin FX. 2007. Purification and characterization of new special ginsenosidase hydrolyzing multi-glycisides of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, ginsenosidase type I. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55: 231-235.
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Quan LH, Piao JY, Min JW, Yang DU, Lee HN, Yang DC. 2011. Bioconversion of ginsenoside Rb1 into compound K by Leuconostoc citreum LH1 isolated from kimchi. Braz. J. Microbiol. 42: 1227-1237.
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Quan LH, Piao JY, Min JW, Kim HB, Kim SR, Yang DU, et al. 2011. Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to prosapogenins, gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside F2, and compound K by Leuconostoc mesenteroides DC102. J. Ginseng Res. 35: 344-351.
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Quan LH, Kim YJ, Li GH, Choi KT, Yang DC. 2013. Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K by Lactobacillus paralimentarius. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29: 1001-1007.
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Zheng MM, Xu FX, Li YJ, Xi XZ, Cui XW, Han CC, et al. 2017. Study on transformation of ginsenosides in different methods. Biomed Res. Int. 2017: 8601027.
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Park CS, Yoo MH, Noh KH, Oh DK. 2010. Biotransformation of ginsenosides by hydrolyzing the sugar moieties of ginsenosides using microbial glycosidases. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 87: 9-19.
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Li ZP, Ahn HJ, Kim NY, Lee YN, Ji GE. 2016. Korean ginseng berry fermented by mycotoxin non-producing Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae: Ginsenoside analyses and anti-proliferative activities. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 39: 1461-1467.
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Li ZP, Ji GE. 2017. Ginseng fermented by mycotoxin non-producing Aspergillus niger: Ginsenoside analysis and anti-proliferative effects. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 26: 987-991.
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Zhou W, Feng MQ, Li JY, Zhou P. 2006. Studies on the preparation, crystal structure and bioactivity of ginsenoside compound K. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 8: 519-527.
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