Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1112.12061

An Optical-Density-Based Feedback Feeding Method for Ammonium Concentration Control in Spirulina platensis Cultivation  

Bao, Yilu (Collage of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology)
Wen, Shumei (National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Cong, Wei (National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Wu, Xia (National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Ning, Zhengxiang (Collage of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology)
Publication Information
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology / v.22, no.7, 2012 , pp. 967-974 More about this Journal
Abstract
Cultivation of Spirulina platensis using ammonium salts or wastewater containing ammonium as alternative nitrogen sources is considered as a commercial way to reduce the production cost. In this research, by analyzing the relationship between biomass production and ammonium-N consumption in the fed-batch culture of Spirulina platensis using ammonium bicarbonate as a nitrogen nutrient source, an online adaptive control strategy based on optical density (OD) measurements for controlling ammonium feeding was presented. The ammonium concentration was successfully controlled between the cell growth inhibitory and limiting concentrations using this OD-based feedback feeding method. As a result, the maximum biomass concentration (2.98 g/l), productivity (0.237 g/l d), nitrogen-to-cell conversion factor (7.32 gX/gN), and contents of protein (64.1%) and chlorophyll (13.4mg/g) obtained by using the OD-based feedback feeding method were higher than those using the constant and variable feeding methods. The OD-based feedback feeding method could be recognized as an applicable way to control ammonium feeding and a benefit for Spirulina platensis cultivations.
Keywords
Optical-density-based feedback; ammonium bicarbonate; Spirulina platensis; feeding methods; fed-batch cultivation;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
Times Cited By Web Of Science : 0  (Related Records In Web of Science)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Chamorro, G., M. Salazar, K. Araujo, C. Dos Santos, G. Ceballos, and L. F. Castillo. 2002. Update on the pharmacology of Spirulina (Arthrospira), an unconventional food. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 52: 232-240.
2 Chen, F. and Y. Zhang. 1997. High cell density mixotrophic culture of Spirulina platensis on glucose for phycocyanin production using a fed-batch system. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 20: 221-224.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Colla, L. M., C. Oliveira Reinehr, C. Reichert, and J. A. V. Costa. 2007. Production of biomass and nutraceutical compounds by Spirulina platensis under different temperature and nitrogen regimes. Bioresour. Technol. 98: 1489-1493.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Converti, A., A. Lodi, A. Borghi, and C. Solisio. 2006. Cultivation of Spirulina platensis in a combined airlift-tubular reactor system. Biochem. Eng. J. 32: 13-18.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Cornet, J. F., C. G. Dussap, and J. B. Gros. 1998. Kinetics and energetics of photosynthetic micro-organisms in photobioreactors: Application to Spirulina growth. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 59: 155-224.
6 Costa, J. A. V., K. L. Cozza, L. Oliveira, and G. Magagnin. 2001. Different nitrogen sources and growth responses of Spirulina platensis in microenvironments. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17: 439-442.
7 Danesi, E. D. G., C. O. Rangel-Yagui, J. C. M. Carvalho, and S. Sato. 2002. An investigation of effect of replacing nitrate by urea in the growth and production of chlorophyll by Spirulina platensis. Biomass Bioenergy 23: 261-269.   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Ferreira, L. S., M. S. Rodrigues, A. Converti, S. Sato, and J. C. M. Carvalho. A new approach to ammonium sulphate feeding for fed-batch Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivation in tubular photobioreactor. Biotechnol. Prog. 26: 1271-1277.   DOI
9 Anupama, R. 2000. Value-added food: Single cell protein. Biotechnol. Adv. 18: 459-479.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Belay, A. 1997. Mass culture of Spirulina (Arthrospira) outdoors - The Earthrise Farms Experience, pp. 131-158. In A. Vonshak (ed.). Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): Physiology, Cell-Biology and Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis, London.
11 Belkin, S. and S. Boussiba. 1991. Resistance of Spirulina platensis to ammonia at high pH values. Plant Cell Physiol. 32: 953-958.
12 Bennett, A. and L. Bogorad. 1973. Complementary chromatic adaptation in a filamentous blue-green alga. J. Cell Biol. 58: 419-435.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Binaghi, L., A. Borghi, A. Lodi, A. Converti, and M. Borghi. 2003. Batch and fed-batch uptake of carbon dioxide by Spirulina platensis. Process Biochem. 38: 1341-1346.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Bunbak, F., S. Cook, V. Zachleder, S. Hauser, and K. Kovar. 2011. Best practices in heterotrophic high-cell-density microalgal processes: Achievements, potential and possible limitations. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 91: 31-46.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Carvalho, J. C. M., F. R. Francisco, K. A. Almeida, S. Sato, and A. Converti. 2004. Cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (Canophyceae) by fed-batch addition of ammonium chloride at exponentially increasing feeding rates. J. Phycol. 40: 589-597.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Qiang, H., Y. Zarmi, and A. Richmond. 1998. Combined effects of light intensity, light-path and culture density on output rate of Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteria). Eur. J. Phycol. 33: 165-171.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Rodrigues, M. S., L. S. Ferreira, A. Converti, S. Sato, and J. C. M. Carvalho. 2010. Fed-batch cultivation of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride as simultaneous nitrogen sources. Bioresourc. Technol. 101: 4491-4498.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Soletto, D., L. Binaghi, A. Lodi, J. C. M. Carvalho, and A. Converti. 2005. Batch and fed-batch cultivations of Spirulina platensis using ammonium sulphate and urea as nitrogen sources. Aquaculture 243: 217-224.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Sandnes, J. M., T. Ringstad, D. Wenner, P. H. Heyerdahl, T. Kallqvist, and H. R. Gislerod. 2006. Real-time monitoring and automatic density control of large-scale microalgae cultures using near infrared (NIR) optical density sensors. J. Biotechnol. 12: 209-215.
20 Sassano, C., L. Gioielli, L. Ferreira, M. Rodrigues, S. Sato, A. Converti, and J. C. M. Carvalho. 2010. Evaluation of the composition of continuously-cultivated Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis using ammonium chloride as nitrogen source. Biomass Bioenergy 34: 1732-1738.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Spolaore, P., C. Joannis-Cassan, E. Duran, and A. Isambert. 2006. Commercial applications of microalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 101: 87-96.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Tam, N. F. Y. and Y. S. Wong. 1996. Effect of ammonia concentrations on growth of Chlorella vulgaris and nitrogen removal from media. Bioresourc. Technol. 57: 45-50.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Uslu, L., O. Isik, K. Koc, and T. Goksan. 2011. The effects of nitrogen deficiencies on the lipid and protein contents of Spirulina platensis. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10: 386-389.
24 Xue, S. Z., Z. F. Su, and W. Cong. 2010. Growth of Spirulina platensis enhanced under intermittent illumination. J. Biotechnol. 151: 271-277.
25 Yuan, X., A. Kumar, A. K. Sahu, and S. J. Ergas. 2011. Impact of ammonium concentration on Spirulina platensis growth in an airlift photobioreactor. Bioresourc. Technol. 102: 3234-3239.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Lowry, O. H., N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275.
27 Zarrouk, C. 1966. Contribution a leitude dune cyanophyceie: Influence de divers facteurs physiques et chimiques sur la croissance et la photosynthese de Spirulina maxima. Ph. D. Thesis, University de Paris, Paris.
28 Goksan, T., A. Zekeriyaoglu, and I. Ak. 2007. The growth of Spirulina platensis in different culture systems under greenhouse condition. Turkey J. Biol. 31: 47-52.
29 Hibino, W., Y. Kadotani, M. Kominani, and T. Yamane. 1993. Three automated feeding strategies of natural complex nutrients utilizing on-line turbidity values in fed-batch culture: A case study on the cultivation of a marine microorganism. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 75: 443-450.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Leduy, A. and N. Therien. 1977. An improved method for optical density measurement of the semimicroscopic blue green alga Spirulina maxima. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 19: 1219-1224.   DOI
31 Moazami, N., R. Ranjbar, A. Ashori, M. Tangestani, and A. Sheykhi Nejad. 2011. Biomass and lipid productivities of marine microalgae isolated from the Persian Gulf and the Qeshm Island. Biomass Bioenergy 35: 1935-1939.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Palmer, T., M. Ross, and S. G. Nutt. 2002. Measuring ammonia with online analyzers. Water Eng. Manag. 149: 34-39.
33 Park, J., H. F. Jin, B. R. Lim, K. Y. Park, and K. Lee. 2010. Ammonia removal from anaerobic digestion effluent of livestock waste using green alga Scenedesmus sp. Bioresourc. Technol. 101: 8649-8657.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Piorreck, M., K. H. Baasch, and P. Pohl. 1984. Biomass production, total protein, chlorophylls, lipids and fatty acids of freshwater green and blue-green algae under different nitrogen regimes. Phytochemistry 23: 207-216.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Chaiklahan, R., N. Chirasuwan, W. Siangdung, K. Paithoonrangsarid and B. Bunnag. 2010. Cultivation of Spirulina platensis using pig wastewater in a semi-continuous process. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20: 609-614.   DOI   ScienceOn