Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2014.11.001

Spectrum Sensing Techniques for Cognitive radio-A Review  

Matin, Mohammad A. (Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Institut Teknologi Brunei)
Publication Information
KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS) / v.8, no.11, 2014 , pp. 3638-3654 More about this Journal
Abstract
Cognitive Radio (CR) users need to sense the environment or channel at regular time interval for sharing the spectrum band of the primary users (PUs). Once find the spectrum idle, CR users start their transmission through it. Even while transmitting, they need to continue the sensing process so that they can leave the spectrum immediately whenever find a PU wanting to use the band. Therefore, detecting PUs is one of the main functions of cognitive radio before transmission and higher the detection probability ensures better protection to the primary users. However, it is not possible to attain a high detection probability (or a low miss detection probability) and low false alarm probability simultaneously as there is a tradeoff between false alarm probability ($P_{fa}$) and the probability of detection ($P_d$). In this paper, the author has provided a comprehensive study on different sensing techniques and discussed their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, it is expected that, with this article, readers can have a through understanding of sensing techniques in CR and the current research trends in this area.
Keywords
Spectrum sensing; energy detection; probability of detection; probability of false alarm; sensing time;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 G. Ganesan and Y. Li, "Agility improvement through cooperative diversity in cognitive radio," in Proc. of IEEE Global Telecomm. Conf. (Globecom), vol. 5, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, Nov./Dec. 2005, pp. 2505-2509.
2 S. M. Kay, Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Detection Theory, vol. 2. Prentice Hall, 1998.
3 H. V. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation, 2nd ed. New York: Springer, Mar. 1998.
4 F. F. Digham, M.-S. Alouini, and M. K. Simon, "On the energy detection of unknown signals over fading channels," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 21-24, Jan. 2007.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 S. Shankar, C. Cordeiro, and K. Challapali, "Spectrum agile radios: utilization and sensing architectures," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Nov. 2005, pp. 160-169.
6 Y. Yuan, P. Bahl, R. Chandra, P. A. Chou, J. I. Ferrell, T. Moscibroda, S. Narlanka, and Y. Wu, "KNOWS: Cognitive radio networks over white spaces," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007, pp. 416-427.
7 D. Cabric, A. Tkachenko, and R. Brodersen, "Spectrum sensing measurements of pilot, energy, and collaborative detection," in Proc. of IEEE Military Commun. Conf., Washington, D.C., USA, Oct. 2006, pp. 1-7.
8 A. Ghasemi and E. Sousa, "Optimization of spectrum sensing for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. of IEEE Consumer Commun. and Networking Conf., Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, Jan. 2007, pp. 1022-1026.
9 D. Datla, R. Rajbanshi, A. M. Wyglinski, and G. J. Minden, "Parametric adaptive spectrum sensing framework for dynamic spectrum access networks," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007, pp. 482-485.
10 T. Weiss, J. Hillenbrand, and F. Jondral, "A diversity approach for the detection of idle spectral resources in spectrum pooling systems," in Proc. of the 48th Int. Scientific Colloquium, Ilmenau, Germany, Sept. 2003, pp. 37-38.
11 S. Stotas and A. Nallanathan, "Overcoming the Sensing-Throughput Tradeoff in Cognitive Radio Networks," in Proc. of IEEE ICC 2010 proceedings, pp.1-5, Cape Town, 23-27 May 2010.
12 M. A. Matin, "Developments in Wireless Network Prototyping, Design, and Deployment: Future Generations," Hershey, PA: IGI Global, pp. 1-361, 2012.
13 S. M. Mishra, A sahai, and R. W. Broadersen, "Cooperative sensing among cognitive radios," in Proc. of IEEE ICC 2006, vol.4, pp.1658-63, june 2006.
14 P. De and Y-C Liang, " Blind sensing algorithms for Cognitive Radio Networks," IEEE Trans. Veh Tech, vol. 57, no.5, September 2008.
15 Akyildiz, I.F., Lo, B.F., Balakrishnan, R., "Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: a survey," Phys. Commun., 4, (1), pp. 40-62, 2011.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Duan, D., Yang, L., Jose, C., "Cooperative diversity of spectrum sensing for cognitive radio systems," IEEE Trans., Signal Process., 58(6), pp. 3218-3227, 2010.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 S. Srinu and S. L. Sabat, "FPGA implementation and performance study of spectrum sensing based on entropy estimation using cyclic features," Comput. Electr. Eng., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1658-1669, Nov. 2012.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 T. Yucek and H. Arslan, "A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications," Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 116-130.
19 Quan, Z., Cui, S., Sayed, A., Poor, H.V., "Optimal multiband joint detection for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 57(3), pp. 1128-1140, 2009.   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Pei, Y., Liang, Y.C., Teh, K., Li, K., "How much time is needed for wideband spectrum sensing?," IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 8(11), pp. 5466-5471, 2009.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Taherpour, A., Gazor, S., Kenari, M.N., "Wideband spectrum sensing in unknown white Gaussian noise," IET Commun., 2(6), pp. 763-771, 2008.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Derakhtian, M., Izedi, F., Sheikhi, A., Neinavaie, M., "Cooperative wideband spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks in fading channels," IET Signal Process., 6(3), pp. 227-238, 2012.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 K Arshad, K Moessner, "Robust spectrum sensing based on statistical tests," IET Commun., Vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 808-817, 2013.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 A. Ghasemi, E. Sousa, "Collaborative spectrum sensing for opportunistic access in fading environments," in Proc. of IEEE DySPAN 2005, pp. 131-136, 2005.
25 Wang, H., Yang, E.-H., Zhao, Z., Zhang, W., "Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio using goodness of fit testing," IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., 8(11), pp. 5427-5430, 2009.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 P.K. Varshney, Distributed Detection and Data Fusion, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997.
27 R. Viswanathan, P. Varshney, "Distributed detection with multiple sensors: part I-fundamentals," Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(1), 54-63, 1997.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 W. Saad, Z. Han, M. Debbah, A. Hjorungnes, T. Basar, "Coalitional games for distributed collaborative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM 2009, pp. 2114-2122, 2009.
29 J. Unnikrishnan, V.V. Veeravalli, "Cooperative sensing for primary detection in cognitive radio," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, 2(1), 18-27, 2008.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 W. Yuan, H. Leung, W. Cheng, S. Cheng, and B. Chen, "Participation in repeated cooperative spectrum sensing: A game-theoretic perspective," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2012.
31 B. Wang, K. Ray Liu, T. Clancy, "Evolutionary cooperative spectrum sensing game: how to collaborate?," IEEE Transactions on Communications, 58(3), 890-900, 2010.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 P. Kaligineedi, M. Khabbazian, and V. Bhargava, "Malicious user detection in a cognitive radio cooperative sensing system," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 2488-2497, Aug. 2010.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 M. H. Chen, "On cooperative andmalicious behaviors inmultirelay fading channels," IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1126-1139, Jul. 2013.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 C. Song and Q. Zhang, "Achieving cooperative spectrum sensing in wireless cognitive radio networks," SIGMOBILE Mob. Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 14-25, 2009.
35 A. Tkachenko, D. Cabric, and R. W. Brodersen, "Cyclostationary feature detector experiments using reconfigurable BEE2," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 216-219, Apr. 2007.
36 S. t. B. S. M. Mishra, R. Mahadevappa, and R. W. Brodersen, "Cognitive technology for ultra-wideband/WiMax coexistence," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 179-186, Apr. 2007.
37 U Habiba, Z hossain, M A Matin, "Robust Power Control using Efficient Minimum Variance Beamforming for Cognitive Radio Networks" Journal of Advances in Information Technology, Vol 3, No 2 (2012), 130-137, May 2012.
38 P. D. Sutton, J. Lotze, K. E. Nolan, and L. E. Doyle, "Cyclostationary signature detection in multipath rayleigh fading environments," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Conf. Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Commun. (Crowncom), Orlando, Florida, USA, Aug. 2007.
39 R. Tandra and A. Sahai, "SNR walls for feature detectors," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Dublin, Ireland, pp. 559-570, Apr. 2007.
40 D. Bhargavi and C. Murthy "Performance comparison of energy, matched-filter and cyclostationarity-based spectrum sensing," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Workshop Signal Process. Adv. Wireless Commun., pp.1-5, 2010.
41 "Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Nov. 2005, pp. 137-143.
42 D. Cabric, S. Mishra, and R. Brodersen, "Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios," in Proc. of Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems and Computers, vol. 1, Pacific Grove, California, USA, Nov. 2004, pp. 772-776.
43 Y.-C. Liang, Y. Zeng, E. C. Y. Peh, and A. T. Hoang, "Sensing throughput tradeoff for cognitive radio networks," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1326-1337, Apr. 2008.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 F. Visser, G. Janssen, P. Pawelczak, "Multinode spectrum sensing based on energy detection for dynamic spectrum access," in Proc. of IEEE VTC2008-Spring, pp. 1394-1398, 2008.
45 Sesham Srinu, Samrat L. Sabat, "Cooperative wideband sensing based on entropy andcyclic features under noise uncertainty," IET Signal Process., Vol. 7, Issue 8, pp. 655-663, 2013.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 C. Sun, W. Chen, and K. Ben Letaief, "Joint scheduling and cooperative sensing in cognitive radios: A game theoretic approach," in Proc. of Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2009(WCNC 2009), IEEE, pp. 1-5, April 2009.