Social Media Rumors in Bangladesh |
Al-Zaman, Md. Sayeed
(Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Jahangirnagar University)
Sife, Sifat Al (Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Jahangirnagar University) Sultana, Musfika (Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Jahangirnagar University) Akbar, Mahbuba (Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Jahangirnagar University) Ahona, Kazi Taznahel Sultana (Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Jahangirnagar University) Sarkar, Nandita (Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Jahangirnagar University) |
1 | Xu, W., & Chen, H. (2015, December 16-18). Scalable rumor source detection under independent cascade model in online social networks. 2015 11th International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks (MSN) (pp. 236-242). IEEE. |
2 | Zimmer, F., Scheibe, K., Stock, M., & Stock, W. G. (2019). Fake news in social media: Bad algorithms or biased users? Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice, 7(2), 40-53. DOI |
3 | Zubiaga, A., Aker, A., Bontcheva, K., Liakata, M., & Procter, R. (2018). Detection and resolution of rumours in social media: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 51(2), 1-36. |
4 | Zulfikar, I., Zaheer, F., Baloch, Q., & Ahmed, F. (2018). The new face of learning: Social media innovating medical education. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches, 4(1), 1-5. DOI |
5 | 8 held in Dhaka for 'spreading rumours' over election. (2018, December 29). Daily Star. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/8-held-in-dhaka-for-spreading-rumours-over-nationalelection-1680313. |
6 | Abouzakhar, D. N. (2015). ECCWS 2015 - Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security. Hatfield: Academic Conferences Limited. |
7 | Ahmed, S., Monzur, R., & Palit, R. (2016, December 5-6). Development of a rumor and spam reporting and removal tool for social media. 2016 3rd Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE) (pp. 157-163). IEEE. |
8 | Aichner, T., & Jacob, F. (2015). Measuring the degree of corporate social media use. International Journal of Market Research, 57(2), 257-276. DOI |
9 | Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. DOI |
10 | Allport, G. W., & Postman, L. (1946). An analysis of rumor. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 10(4), 501-517. DOI |
11 | Al-Rawi, A. (2020). Social media & celebrity journalists' audience outreach in the MENA region. African Journalism Studies, in press, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2020.1754266. |
12 | Al-Zaman, M. (2020b). Religious communication in digital public sphere. Jurnal Penelitian, 17(1), 29-42. DOI |
13 | Al-Zaman, S. (2019). Digital disinformation and communalism in Bangladesh. China Media Research, 15(2), 68-77. |
14 | Al-Zaman, S. (2020a, February 15). Telling good lies: Digital rhetoric and rumor in Bangladesh. South Asia Journal. Retrieved from http://southasiajournal.net/telling-goodlies-digital-rhetoric-and-rumor-in-bangladesh/. |
15 | Arun, C. (2019). On WhatsApp, rumours, and lynchings. Economic and Political Weekly, 54(6), 30-36. |
16 | Avaaz. (2019). US 2020: Another Facebook disinformation election? (Facebook Uncovered: Vol. 1). Avaaz. Retrieved from https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/US_2020_report_1105_v04.pdf. |
17 | Banaji, S., Bhat, R., Agarwal, A., Passanha, N., & Sadhana Pravin, M. (2019). WhatsApp vigilantes: An exploration of citizen reception and circulation of WhatsApp misinformation linked to mob violence in India. London: Department of Media and Communications, London School of Economics and Political Science. |
18 | Bene, M. (2017). Influenced by peers: Facebook as an information source for young people. Social Media + Society, 3(2), 2056305117716273. |
19 | Bhavnani, R., Findley, M. G., & Kuklinski, J. H. (2009). Rumor dynamics in ethnic violence. The Journal of Politics, 71(3), 876-892. DOI |
20 | Bordia, P., Jones, E., Gallois, C., Callan, V. J., & DiFonzo, N. (2006). Management are aliens!: Rumors and stress during organizational change. Group & Organization Management, 31(5), 601-621. DOI |
21 | Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., Howard, P. N., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Retrieved July 25, 2020 from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Brennen%20-%20COVID%2019%20Misinformation%20FINAL%20%283%29.pdf. |
22 | Broersma, M., & Graham, T. (2012). Social media as beat. Journalism Practice, 6(3), 403-419. DOI |
23 | Chmiel, A., Sienkiewicz, J., Thelwall, M., Paltoglou, G., Buckley, K., Kappas, A., & Holyst, J. A. (2011). Collective emotions online and their influence on community life. PLoS One, 6(7), e22207. DOI |
24 | Chua, A. Y. K., Aricat, R., & Goh, D. (2017, September 12-14). Message content in the life of rumors: Comparing three rumor types. 2017 Twelfth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM) (pp. 263-268). IEEE. |
25 | Coleman, A. (2020, August 12). "Hundreds dead" because of Covid-19 misinformation. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53755067. |
26 | Comin, C. H., & da Fontoura Costa, L. (2011). Identifying the starting point of a spreading process in complex networks. Physical Review E, 84(5), 056105. DOI |
27 | Communication to counter the COVID-19 'info-demic.' (2020). BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/where-we-work/asia/bangladesh/H2Hcovid-19. |
28 | Derczynski, L., Bontcheva, K., Lukasik, M., Declerck, T., Scharl, A., Georgiev, G., … Liakata, M. (2015). PHEME: Computing veracity- the fourth challenge of big social data. Germany: Proceedings of the Extended Semantic Web Conference EU Project Networking Session. |
29 | DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007a). Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. Washington: American Psychological Association. |
30 | DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007b). Rumor, gossip and urban legends. Diogenes, 54(1), 19-35. DOI |
31 | Dowd, S. B., & Davidhizar, R. (1997). Rumors and gossip in radiology. Radiology Management, 19(6), 46-49. |
32 | Duffy, A., Tandoc, E., & Ling, R. (2019). Too good to be true, too good not to share: The social utility of fake news. Information, Communication & Society, in press, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1623904. |
33 | Eltantawy, N., & Wiest, J. B. (2011). Social media in the Egyptian revolution: Reconsidering resource mobilization theory. International Journal of Communication, 5, 1207-1224. |
34 | Faris, R., Roberts, H., Etling, B., Bourassa, N., Zuckerman, E., & Benkler, Y. (2017). Partisanship, propaganda, and disinformation: Online media and the 2016 U.S. Cambridge: Berkman Klein Center Research Publication. |
35 | Ghosh, A. (2008). The role of rumour in history writing. History Compass, 6(5), 1235-1243. DOI |
36 | Goh, D. H.-L., Chua, A. Y. K., Shi, H., Wei, W., Wang, H., & Lim, E. P. (2017, November 13-15). An analysis of rumor and counter-rumor messages in social media. In S. Choemprayong, F. Crestani, & S. J. Cunningham (Eds.), Digital libraries: Data, information, and knowledge for digital lives (pp. 256-266). Springer International. |
37 | Gov't to set up monitoring cell to identify rumours: Tarana (2018, September 12). United News of Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/govt-to-set-upmonitoring-cell-to-identify-rumours-tarana/1873. |
38 | Jahangir, A. R. (2020, April 3). Coronavirus: Experts say misinformation now a big challenge. United News Bangladesh. Retrieved from http://unb.com.bd/category/Special/coronavirusexperts-say-misinformation-now-a-big-challenge/48656. |
39 | Hashimoto, T., Kuboyama, T., & Shirota, Y. (2011, November 21-24). Rumor analysis framework in social media. TENCON 2011 - 2011 IEEE Region 10 Conference (pp. 133-137). IEEE. |
40 | Higdon, N. (2020). What is fake news? A foundational question for developing effective critical news literacy education. Democratic Communique, 29(1), 1-18. |
41 | Ji, P., Yan, X., & Yu, G. (2020). Can rumor clarification eliminate the effects of rumors?: Evidence from China. International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management (IJABIM), 11(1), 48-62. DOI |
42 | Jiang, J., Wen, S., Yu, S., Xiang, Y., & Zhou, W. (2017). Identifying propagation sources in networks: State-of-the-art and comparative studies. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19(1), 465-481. DOI |
43 | Jo, D. G. (2002). Diffusion of rumors on the Internet. Information Society Review. Retrieved from http://m.kisdi.re.kr/mobile/repo/res_view.m?key1=7587&key2=0&key3=&category=4&categ. |
44 | Kamins, M. A., Folkes, V. S., & Perner, L. (1997). Consumer responses to rumors: Good news, bad news. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6(2), 165-187. DOI |
45 | Kapferer, J.-N. (1992). How rumors are born. Society, 29(5), 53-60. DOI |
46 | Kapferer, J.-N. (2013). Rumors: Uses, interpretations, & images. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. |
47 | Kemp, S. (2020, February 17). Digital 2020: Bangladesh. Hootsuite. Retrieved from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-bangaldesh. |
48 | Knapp, R. H. (1944). A psychology of rumor. Public Opinion Quarterly, 8(1), 22-37. DOI |
49 | Khondker, H. H. (2011). Role of the new media in the Arab Spring. Globalizations, 8(5), 675-679. DOI |
50 | Kim, J.-H., Bock, G.-W., Sabherwal, R., & Kim, H.-M. (2019). Why do people spread online rumors? An empirical study. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 29(4), 591-614. DOI |
51 | Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Los Angeles: Sage. |
52 | Kwon, S., Cha, M., Jung, K., Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2013a, November 25-27). Aspects of rumor spreading on a microblog network. In A. Jatowt, E.-P. Lim, Y. Ding, A. Miura, T. Tezuka, G. Dias, … B. T. Dai (Eds.), SocInfo 2013: Social Informatics (pp. 299-308). Springer International. |
53 | Kwon, S., Cha, M., Jung, K., Chen, W., & Wang, Y. (2013b, December 7-10). Prominent features of rumor propagation in online social media. 2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Data Mining (pp. 1103-1108). IEEE. |
54 | Lampe, C., Vitak, J., Gray, R., & Ellison, N. (2012, May 5-10). Perceptions of Facebook's value as an information source. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3195-3204). ACM. |
55 | Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106-131. DOI |
56 | Martinez, M. (2018, November 12). Burned to death because of a rumour on WhatsApp. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46145986. |
57 | Nekovee, M., Moreno, Y., Bianconi, G., & Marsili, M. (2007). Theory of rumour spreading in complex social networks. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 374(1), 457-470. DOI |
58 | Meel, P., & Vishwakarma, D. K. (2020). Fake news, rumor, information pollution in social media and web: A contemporary survey of state-of-the-arts, challenges and opportunities. Expert Systems with Applications, 153, 112986. DOI |
59 | Mosseri, A. (2017, April 7). Working to stop misinformation and false news. Facebook media. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/facebookmedia/blog/working-tostop-misinformation-and-false-news. |
60 | Muigai, J. W. W. (2019). Understanding fake news. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 9(1), 29-38. |
61 | Nguyen, D. T., Nguyen, N. P., & Thai, M. T. (2012, October 29-November 1). Sources of misinformation in Online Social Networks: Who to suspect? MILCOM 2012 - 2012 IEEE Military Communications Conference (pp. 1-6). IEEE. |
62 | Nirapad. (2019). Hazard incidences in Bangladesh, March 2018. Reliefweb. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/hazard-incidences-bangladesh-march-2018. |
63 | Oh, O., Kwon, K. H., & Rao, H. R. (2010, December 12-15). An exploration of social media in extreme events: Rumor theory and twitter during the HAITI earthquake 2010. ICIS 2010 Proceedings - 31st International Conference on Information Systems. ICIS 2010. |
64 | Parkinson, H. J. (2016, November 14). Click and elect: How fake news helped Donald Trump win a real election. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/14/fake-news-donald-trumpelection-alt-right-social-media-tech-companies. |
65 | Rosnow, R. L. (1991). Inside rumor: A personal journey. American Psychologist, 46(5), 484-496. DOI |
66 | Posetti, J., & Matthews, A. (2018). A short guide to the history of 'fake news' and disinformation: A new ICFJ learning module. Retrieved July 25, 2020 from https://www.icfj.org/news/short-guide-history-fake-news-and-disinformation-newicfj-learning-module. |
67 | Protests in Bangladesh put an end to a corrupt quota system. (2018, April 21). The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/04/21/protests-inbangladesh-put-an-end-to-a-corrupt-quota-system. |
68 | Riaz, A. (2019). Bangladesh: From an electoral democracy to a hybrid regime. In A. Riaz (Ed.), Voting in a hybrid regime: Explaining the 2018 Bangladeshi election (pp. 21-31). Singapore: Palgrave Pivot. |
69 | Rosnow, R. L., Esposito, J. L., & Gibney, L. (1988). Factors influencing rumor spreading: Replication and extension. Language & Communication, 8(1), 29-42. DOI |
70 | Rosnow, R. L., Yost, J. H., & Esposito, J. L. (1986). Belief in rumor and likelihood of rumor transmission. Language & Communication, 6(3), 189-194. DOI |
71 | Shelke, S., & Attar, V. (2019). Source detection of rumor in social network - A review. Online Social Networks and Media, 9, 30-42. DOI |
72 | Seo, E., Mohapatra, P., & Abdelzaher, T. (2012). Identifying rumors and their sources in social networks. Bellingham: SPIE. |
73 | Serban, I. V., Sankar, C., Germain, M., Zhang, S., Lin, Z., Subramanian, S., … Bengio, Y. (2017). A deep reinforcement learning chatbot. arXiv:1709.02349. |
74 | Shah, D., & Zaman, T. (2010). Detecting sources of computer viruses in networks: Theory and experiment. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 38(1), 203-214. DOI |
75 | Shawki, A. (2020, April 30). Govt. asks Facebook to delete pages spreading Covid-19 rumours. Business Standard. Retrieved from https://tbsnews.net/coronavirus-chronicle/covid-19-bangladesh/govt-asks-facebook-delete-pages-spreadingcovid-19-rumours. |
76 | Shearer, E., & Gottfried, J. (2017, September 7). News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2017. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.journalism.org/2017/09/07/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2017/ |
77 | Shibutani, T. (1966). Improvised news: A sociological study of rumor. London: Ardent Media. |
78 | Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2018). The diffusion of misinformation on social media: Temporal pattern, message, and source. Computers in Human Behavior, 83, 278-287. DOI |
79 | Silverman, C. (2016). Most Americans who see fake news believe it, new survey says. Buzz Feed. Retrieved from https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/fake-news-survey. |
80 | Southwell, B. G., Dolina, S., Jimenez-Magdaleno, K., Squiers, L. B., & Kelly, B. J. (2016). Zika virus-related news coverage and online behavior, United States, Guatemala, and Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(7), 1320-1321. DOI |
81 | UNB. (2020, July 21). Youth come up with digital solutions to fight against Covid-19 stigma. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2020/07/21/youth-come-up-with-digital-solutions-to-fightagainst-covid-19-stigma?fbclid=IwAR1OBdBHrznrjn9uCpygjNR8Rgj__qjLShqsf8UUCLnR8pTRheNSMPwSn6o. |
82 | Sunstein, C. R. (2014). On rumors: How falsehoods spread, why we believe them, and what can be done. Princeton: Princeton University Press. |
83 | Sydell, L. (2016, November 23). We tracked down a fake-news creator in the suburbs. Here's What We Learned. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/11/23/503146770/npr-finds-thehead-of-a-covert-fake-news-operation-in-the-suburbs. |
84 | Tandoc, E. C., Lim, D., & Ling, R. (2020). Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why. Journalism, 21(3), 381-398. DOI |
85 | Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining "fake news": A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. DOI |
86 | Turenne, N. (2018). The rumour spectrum. PLoS One, 13(1), e0189080. DOI |
87 | Walker, C. J., & Blaine, B. (1991). The virulence of dread rumors: A field experiment. Language & Communication, 11(4), 291-297. DOI |
88 | Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe Report, 27. France: Council of Europe. |
89 | Watson, J., & Hill, A. (2006). Dictionary of media and communication studies. London: A&C Black. |
90 | Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E., & Sheafer, T. (2013). Social media and the Arab Spring: Politics comes first. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 115-137. DOI |
91 | Wu, L., & Liu, H. (2018, February 5-9). Tracing fake-news footprints: Characterizing social media messages by how they propagate. Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 637-645). ACM. |