Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2018.005

Distribution of brominated flame retardants and phthalate esters in house dust in Korea  

Kweon, Deok-Jun (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University)
Kim, Moon-Kyung (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University)
Zoh, Kyung-Duk (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Environmental Engineering Research / v.23, no.4, 2018 , pp. 354-363 More about this Journal
Abstract
We examined the levels of brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) including polybrominateddiphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), and phthalates in indoor dusts in residential houses in Korea, and their distribution patterns depending on building characteristics. Mean concentrations of phthalate esters ($1,825{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$) were significantly higher than that of BFRs (PBDE: $1,332ng\;g^{-1}$, HBCDs: $459ng\;g^{-1}$, and TBBPA: $213ng\;g^{-1}$), indicating more frequent use of phthalate-containing products such as PVC flooring in the Korean houses. PVC flooring house was associated with higher concentrations of DEHP (p = 0.001) and BBP (p = 0.012), indicating that exposure to phthalate was higher in the PVC flooring house. Building age was significantly related with levels of PBDEs especially BDE-47 (p = 0.062), BDE-203 (p = 0.007), DEHP (p = 0.004), and BBP (p = 0.070), respectively, indicating that older buildings can produce higher amounts of PBDEs and phthalates. Our study can provide important information on the sources of BFRs and phthalates in residential houses in Korea.
Keywords
Construction age; DEHP; House dust; PBDE; Phthalates; PVC flooring;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Barghi M, Shin ES, Kim JC, Choi SD, Chang YS. Human exposure to HBCD and TBBPA via indoor dust in Korea: Estimation of external exposure and body burden. Sci. Total Environ. 2017;593-594:779-786.   DOI
2 Jobling S, Reynolds T, White R, Parker MG, Sumpter JP. A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic. Environ. Health Perspect. 1995;103:582-587.   DOI
3 Harris CA, Henttu P, Parker MG, Sumpter JP. The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997;105:802-811.   DOI
4 Hauser R, Calafat A. Phthalates and human health. Occup. Environ. Med. 2005;62:806-818.   DOI
5 Abb M, Heinrich T, Sorkau E, Lorenz, W. Phthalates in house dust. Environ. Int. 2009;35:965-970.   DOI
6 Schecter A, Papke O, Tung KC, Staskal D, Birnbaum L. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004;98:5306-5311.
7 Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Personal exposure to HBCDs and its degradation products via ingestion of indoor dust. Environ. Int. 2009:35:870-876.   DOI
8 Abdallah MAE, Harrad S, Ibarra C, et al. Hexabromocyclododecanes in indoor dust from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008;42:459-464.   DOI
9 Ali N, Dirtu AC, Eede NVD, et al. Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: Indoor sources and human exposure assessment. Chemosphere 2012;88:1276-1282.   DOI
10 Tue NM, Takahashi S, Suzuki G, et al. Contamination of indoor dust and air by polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants and relevance of non-dietary exposure in Vietnamese informal e-waste recycling sites. Environ. Int. 2013;51:160-167.   DOI
11 Takigami H, Suzuki G, Hirai Y, Sakai S. Brominated flame retardants and other polyhalogenated compounds in indoor air and dust from two houses in Japan. Chemosphere 2009;76:270-277.   DOI
12 Wang W, Abualnaja KO, Asimakopoulos AG, et al. A comparative assessment of human exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A and eight bisphenols including Bisphenol A via indoor dust ingestion in twelve countries. Environ. Int. 2015;83:183-191.   DOI
13 Carignan CC, Abdallah MA, Wu N, et al. Predictors of tetrabromobisphenol- A (TBBP-A) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCD) in milk from Boston mothers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012;46:12146-12153.   DOI
14 Butte W, Hostrup O, Walker G. Phthalate im Hausstaub und in der Luft: Assoziationen und mogliche Quellen in Wohnraumen. Gefahrstoffe Reinhalt Luft 2008;68:79-81.
15 Covaci A, Voorspoels S, Ramos L, Neels H, Blust R. Recent developments in the analysis of brominated flame retardants and brominated natural compounds. J. Chromatogr. A. 2007;1153:145-171.   DOI
16 Hazrati S, Harrad S. Causes of variability in concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006;40:7584-7589.   DOI
17 Batterman S, Godwin C, Chernyak S, Jia C, Charles S. Brominated flame retardants in offices in Michigan, USA. Environ. Int. 2010;36:548-556.   DOI
18 Kim SK, Kim KS, Hong SH. Overview on relative importance of house dust ingestion in human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): International comparison and Korea as a case. Sci. Total Environ. 2016;571:82-91.   DOI
19 Li HL, Song WW, Zhang ZF, et al. Phthalates in dormitory and house dust of northern Chinese cities: Occurrence, human exposure, and risk assessment. Sci. Total Environ. 2016;565:496-502.   DOI
20 Bornehag CG, Sundell J, Weschler CJ, et al. The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: A nested case-control study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004;112:1393-1397.   DOI
21 Law RJ, Allchin CR, de Boer J, et al. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 2006;64:187-208.   DOI
22 Lee S, Kannan K, Moon HB. Assessment of exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) via seafood consumption and dust ingestion in Korea. Sci. Total Environ. 2013;443:24-30.   DOI
23 Kim KK. Contents characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in indoor household dust (In Korean). Anal. Sci. Technol. 2013;26:113-119.   DOI
24 Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Kawai T, et al. Associations of phthalate concentrations in floor dust and multi-surface dust with the interior materials in Japanese dwellings. Sci. Total Environ. 2014;468:147-157.
25 Kersten W, Reich T. Schwer fluchtige organische Umweltchemikalien in Hamburger Hausstauben. Gefahrstoffe Reinhalt Luft 2003;63:85-91.
26 Pohner A, Simrock S, Thumulla J, Weber S, Wirkner T. Hintergrundbelastung des hausstaubes von privathauhalten mit mittel-und schwerfluchtigen organischen schadstoffen. Umwelt Gesundheit 1997;2:e64.
27 Nagorka R, Scheller C, Ullrich D. Weichmacher im Hausstaub. Gefahrstoffe Reinhalt Luft 2005;65:99-105.
28 Rudel RA, Camann DE, Spengler JD, Korn LR, Brody JG. Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003;37:4543-4553.   DOI
29 Langer S, Weschler CJ, Fischer A, Beko G, Toftum J, Clausen G. Phthalate and PAH concentrations in dust collected from Danish homes and daycare centers. Atmos. Environ. 2010;44:2294-2301.   DOI
30 Gevao B, Al-Ghadban AN, Bahloul M, Uddin S, Zafar J. Phthalates in indoor dust in Kuwait: Implications for non-dietary human exposure. Indoor Air 2013;23:126-133.   DOI
31 Hua I, Kang NG, Jafvert CT, Fabrega-Duque J. Heterogeneous photochemical reactions of decabromodiphenyl ether. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2003;22:798-804.   DOI
32 Clausen P, Hansen V, Gunnarsen L, Afshari A, Wolkoff P. Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: Emission and sorption experiments in FLEC and CLIMPAQ. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004;38:2531-2537.   DOI
33 Jeon S, Kim KT, Choi K. Migration of DEHP and DINP into dust from PVC flooring products at different surface temperature a school. Sci. Total Environ. 2016;547:441-446.   DOI
34 Bornehag CG, Lundgren B, Weschler CJ, Sigsgaard T, Hagerhed-Engman L, Sundell J. Phthalates in indoor dust and their association with building characteristics. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005;113:1399-1404.   DOI
35 Stasinska A, Reid A, Hinwood A, et al. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential dust samples from Western Australia. Chemosphere 2013;91:187-193.   DOI
36 La Guardia M, Hale RC, Harvey E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006;40:6247-6254.   DOI
37 Kim SK, Khim JS, Lee KT, et al. Chapter 2. Emission, contamination and exposure, fate and transport, and national management strategy of persistent organic pollutants in South Korea. Dev. Environ. Sci. 2007;7:31-157.
38 Sjodin A, Papke O, McGahee E, et al. Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in household dust from various countries. Chemosphere 2008;73:S131-S136.   DOI
39 Dodson RE, Perovich LJ, Covaci A, et al. After the PBDE phase-out: A broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012;46:13056-13066.   DOI
40 Stuart H, Ibarra C, Abdallah MAE, Boon R, Neels H, Covaci A. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices: Causes of variability and implications for human exposure. Environ. Int. 2008;34:1170-1175.   DOI
41 Huang Y, Chen L, Peng X, Xu Z, Ye Z. PBDEs in indoor dust in South-Central China: Characteristics and implications. Chemosphere 2010;78:169-174.   DOI
42 Yu YX, Pang YP, Li C, et al. Concentrations and seasonal variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in in-and out-house dust and human daily intake via dust ingestion corrected with bioaccessibility of PBDEs. Environ. Int. 2012;42:124-131.   DOI
43 Geens T, Roosens L, Neels H, Covaci A. Assessment of human exposure to Bisphenol-A, Triclosan and Tetrabromobisphenol-A through indoor dust intake in Belgium. Chemosphere 2009;76:755-760.   DOI
44 Sjodin A, Patterson Jr DG, Bergman A. A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants - Particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ. Int. 2003;29:829-839.   DOI
45 Choi KI, Lee SH, Osako M. Leaching of brominated flame retardants from TV housing plastics in the presence of dissolved humic matter. Chemosphere 2009;74:460-466.   DOI
46 Besis A, Katsoyiannis A, Botsaropoulou E, Samara C. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in central air-conditioner filter dust and relevance of non-dietary exposure in occupational indoor environments in Greece. Environ. Pollut. 2014;188:64-70.   DOI
47 Vonderheide AP, Mueller KE, Meija J, Welsh GL. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: Causes for concern and knowledge gaps regarding environmental distribution, fate and toxicity. Sci. Total Environ. 2008;400:425-436.   DOI
48 Abdallah MAE, Harrad S, Covaci A. Hexabromocyclododecanes and tetrabromobisphenol-A in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, UK: Implications for human exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008;42:6855-6861.   DOI
49 Allen JG, McClean MD, Stapleton HM, Webster TF. Critical factors in assessing exposure to PBDEs via house dust. Environ. Int. 2008;34:1085-1091.   DOI
50 Lilienthal H, Verwer CM, van der Ven V, Piersma AH, Vos JG. Exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in Wistar rats: Neurobehavioral effects in offspring from a one-generation reproduction study. Toxicology 2008;246:45-54.   DOI
51 Fromme H, Lahrz T, Piloty M, Gebhart H, Oddoy A, Ruden H. Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin. Indoor Air 2004;14:188-195.   DOI