Effects of Synchronicity of Carbohydrate and Protein Degradation on Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Protein Synthesis |
Seo, J.K.
(Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University)
Kim, M.H. (Laboratory of Immunology and Hematopoiesis, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University) Yang, J.Y. (Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University) Kim, H.J. (Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University) Lee, C.H. (Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University) Kim, K.H. (National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration) Ha, Jong K. (Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University) |
1 | Aldrich, J. M., L. D. Muller, G. A. Varga and L. C. Griel Jr. 1993. Nonstructural carbohydrate and protein effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient flow, and performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1091-1105. DOI ScienceOn |
2 | AOAC. 1990. Official methods of analysis. 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, A., VA, USA. |
3 | Chaney, A. L. and E. P. Marbach. 1962. Modified reagent for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem. 8:130-132. |
4 | Chumpawadee, S., K. Sommart, T. Vongpralub and V. Pattarajinda. 2006. Effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, blood urea nitrogen and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19:181-188. |
5 | Cole, N. A. and R. W. Todd. 2008. Opportunities to enhance performance and efficiency through nutrient synchrony in concentrate-fed ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 86:E318-333. |
6 | Dewhurst, R. J., D. R. Davies and R. J. Merry. 2000. Microbial protein supply from the rumen. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 85:1-21. DOI ScienceOn |
7 | Eghbali, M., F. Kafilzadeh, F. Hozhabri, S. Afshar and M. Kazemi-Bonchenari. 2011. Treating canola meal changes in situ degradation, nutrient apparent digestibility, and protein fractions in sheep. Small Rumin. Res. 96:136-139. DOI ScienceOn |
8 | Erwin, W. S., G. J. Marco and E. M. Emery. 1961. Volatile fatty acid analysis of blood and rumen fluids by gas chromatography. J. Dairy Sci. 44:1768-1771. DOI |
9 | George, S. K., M. T. Dipu, U. R. Mehra, P. Singh, A. K. Verma and J. S. Ramgaokar. 2006. Improved HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of allantoin, uric acid and creatinine in cattle urine. J. Chromatogr. B 832:134-137. DOI ScienceOn |
10 | Herrera-Saldana, R., R. Gomez-Alarcon, M. Torabi and J. T. Huber. 1990. Influence of synchronizing protein and starch degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization and microbial protein synthesis. J. Dairy Sci. 73:142-148. DOI ScienceOn |
11 | Hoover, W. H. and S. R. Stokes. 1991. Balancing Carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3630-3644. DOI ScienceOn |
12 | McDougall, E. I. 1948. Studies on ruminant saliva. 1. The composition and output of sheep's saliva. Biochem. J. 43:99-109. |
13 | Hristov, A. N., T. A. McAllister and K. J. Cheng. 1997. Effect of carbohydrate level and ammonia availability on utilization of alpha amino nitrogen by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. Proc. Western Section Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 48:186-189. |
14 | Ichinohe, T. and T. Fujihara. 2008. Adaptive changes in microbial synthesis and nitrogen balance with progressing dietary feeding periods in sheep fed diets differing in their ruminal degradation synchronicity between nitrogen and organic matter. Anim. Sci. J. 79:322-331. DOI ScienceOn |
15 | Makkar, H. P. and K. Becker. 1999. Purine quantification in digesta from ruminants by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Br. J. Nutr. 81:107-112. |
16 | National Research Council. 2000. Nutrient requirement of dairy cattle. 7th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC, USA. |
17 | Nocek, J. E. and J. B. Russell. 1988. Protein and energy as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein and carbohydrate availability to microbial synthesis and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2070-2107. DOI |
18 | Orskov, E. R. and I. McDonald. 1979. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J. Agric. Sci. 92:499-503. DOI |
19 | Orskov, E. R., F. DeB Hovell and F. Mould. 1980. The use of nylon bag technique for the evaluation of feedstuffs. Trop. Anim. Prod. 5:195-212. |
20 | Richardson, J. M., R. G. Wilkinson and L. A. Sinclair. 2003. Synchrony of nutrient supply to the rumen and dietary energy source and their effects on the growth and metabolism of lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1332-1347. |
21 | Shabi, Z., A. Arieli, I. Bruckental, Y. Aharoni, S. Zamwel, A. Bor and H. Tagari. 1998. Effect of the synchronization of the degradation of dietary crude protein and organic matter and feeding frequency on ruminal fermentation and flow of digesta in the abomasum of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1991-2000. DOI ScienceOn |
22 | Rotger, A., A. Ferret, S. Calsamiglia and X. Manteca. 2006. Effects of nonstructural carbohydrates and protein sources on intake, apparent total tract digestibility, and ruminal metabolism in vivo and in vitro with high-concentrate beef cattle diets. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1188-1196. |
23 | SAS. 1996. SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 6.12th ed. SAS Inst. Inc. Cary, NC, USA. |
24 | Seo, J. K., J. Y. Yang, H. J. Kim, S. D. Upadhaya, W. M. Cho and J. K. Ha. 2010. Effects of synchronization of carbohydrate and protein supply on ruminal fermentation, nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis in Holstein steers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23:1455-1461. DOI ScienceOn |
25 | Sinclair, L. A., P. C. Garnsworthy, J. R. Newbold and P. J. Buttery. 1993. Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. J. Agric. Sci. 120:251-263. DOI ScienceOn |
26 | Valkeners, D., A. Thewis, F. Piron and Y. Beckers. 2004. Effect of imbalance between energy and nitrogen supplies on microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen metabolism in growing double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls. J. Anim. Sci. 82:1818-1825. |
27 | Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597. DOI ScienceOn |
28 | Witt, M. W., L. A. Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson and P. J. Buttery. 2000. The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on milk production and metabolism of ewes offered grass silage based diets. Anim. Sci. 71:187-195. |
29 | Witt, M. W., L. A. Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson and P. J. Buttery. 1999a. The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on the production and metabolism of sheep: food characterization and growth and metabolism of ewe lambs given food ad libitum. Anim. Sci. 69:223-235. |
30 | Witt, M. W., L. A. Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson, P. J. Buttery. 1999b. The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on the metabolism and growth of ram lambs given food at a restricted level. Anim. Sci. 69:627-636. |
31 | Zinn, R. A. and F. N. Owens. 1986. A rapid procedure for purine measurement and its use for estimating net ruminal protein synthesis. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 66:157-166. DOI ScienceOn |
![]() |