Ruminal Characteristics, Blood pH, Blood Urea Nitrogen and Nitrogen Balance in Nili-ravi Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Bulls Fed Diets Containing Various Levels of Ruminally Degradable Protein |
Javaid, A.
(Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of Agriculture)
Nisa, Mahr-un (Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of Agriculture) Sarwar, M. (Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of Agriculture) Aasif Shahzad, M. (Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, University of Agriculture) |
1 | Wanapat, M. and O. Pimpa. 1999. Effect of ruminant NH3-N levels on ruminant fermentation, purine derivatives, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 12:904-907. DOI |
2 | William, P. E. V., G. M. Innes and E. Brewer. 1984. Ammonia treatment of straw via the hydrolysis of urea. Effect of dry matter and urea concentrations on the rate of hydrolysis of urea. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 11:103. DOI ScienceOn |
3 | Wright, T. C., S. Moscardini, P. H. Luimes, P. Susmel and B. W. McBride. 1998. Effects of rumen-undegradable protein and feed intake on nitrogen balance and milk protein production in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81:784-793. DOI ScienceOn |
4 | Atasoglu, C., A. Y. Guliye and R. J. Wallace. 2004. Use of stable isotopes to measure de novo synthesis and turnover of amino acid-C and -N in mixed micro-organisms from the sheep rumen in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 91:235-261. DOI ScienceOn |
5 | Dhiman, T. R. and L. D. Satter. 1997. Effect of ruminally degraded protein on protein available at the intestine assessed using blood amino acid concentrations. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1674-1680. DOI |
6 | Kumar, M. R., D. P. Tiwari and A. Kumar. 2006. Effect of undegradable dietary protein level and plane of nutrition on lactation performance in crossbred cattle. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18:1407-1413. 과학기술학회마을 DOI |
7 | Lee, M., S. Hwang and P. W. Chiou. 2001. Application of rumen undegradable protein on early lactation dairy goats. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 14:1549-1554. DOI |
8 | Tamminga, S. 1996. A review on environmental impacts of nutritional strategies in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 74:3112-3124. DOI |
9 | Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3583-3597. DOI ScienceOn |
10 | Virtanen, A. I. 1966. Milk production of cows on protein free diets. Sci. 153:1603. DOI ScienceOn |
11 | Reynal, S. M. and G. A. Broderick. 2005. Effect of dietary level of rumen-degraded protein on production and nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4045-4064. DOI ScienceOn |
12 | Reynal, S. M. and G. A. Broderick. 2003. Effects of Feeding Dairy Cows Protein Supplements of Varying Ruminal Degradability. J. Dairy Sci. 86:835-843. DOI ScienceOn |
13 | Russell, J. B., C. J. Sniffen and P. J. Van Soest. 1983. Effect of carbohydrate limitation on degradation and utilization of casein by mixed rumen bacteria. J. Dairy Sci. 66:763-771. DOI ScienceOn |
14 | Russell, J. B., J. D. O'Conner, D. G. Fox, P. J. Van Soest and C. J. Sniffen. 1992. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: Ruminal fermentation. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3551-3561. DOI |
15 | Sarwar, M., M. A. Khan and M. Nisa. 2005. Chemical composition and feeding value of urea treated corncobs ensiled with additives for sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 65:685-690. |
16 | Sarwar, M., J. L. Firkins and M. L. Esridge. 1992. Effect of varying forage and concentrate carbohydrates on nutrient digestibilities and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1533-1542. DOI ScienceOn |
17 | Hannon, K. and A. Trenkle. 1990. Evaluation of condensed molasses fermentation solubles as a non-protein nitrogen source for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 68:2634-2641. DOI |
18 | Knaysi, G. and M. Ford. 1983. A method of counting viable bacteria in milk by means of microscope. J. Dairy Sci. 21:129- 141. DOI |
19 | Hoover, W. H. and S. R. Stokes. 1991. Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci. 74:3630. DOI ScienceOn |
20 | Kalscheur, K. F., R. L. Baldwin, B. P. Glenn and R. A. Kohn. 2006. Milk Production of dairy cows fed differing concentrations of rumen-degraded protein J. Dairy Sci. 89:249-259. DOI ScienceOn |
21 | Kung, Jr., L. and J. T. Huber. 1983. Performance of high producing cows in early lactation fed protein of varying amounts, sources and degradability. J. Dairy Sci. 66:227-234. DOI ScienceOn |
22 | Leng, R. A. 1990. Factors affecting the utilization of poor quality forages by ruminants under tropical condition. Nutri. Res. Rev. 3:227-303. |
23 | Meng, Q. X., Z. G. Xia and M. S. Kerley. 2000. The requirement of ruminal degradable protein for non-structural carbohydrates-fermenting microbes and its reaction with dilution rate in continuous culture. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13:1399-1406. DOI |
24 | Sarwar, M., M. A. Khan and M. U. Nisa. 2004. Effect of organic acids or fermentable carbohydrates on digestibility and nitrogen utilization of urea-treated wheat straw in buffalo bulls. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 55:1-6. DOI ScienceOn |
25 | SPSS. 1999. SPSS use's guide: Release 10.0.1 edition. SPSS Inc. |
26 | Stokes, S. R., W. H. Hoover, T. K. Miller and R. Blauweikel. 1991. Ruminal digestion and microbial utilization of diets varying in type of carbohydrate and protein. J. Dairy Sci. 74:871-881. DOI ScienceOn |
27 | Nisa, M., M. A. Khan, M. Sarwar, W. S. Lee, H. J. Lee, S. B. Kim, B. S. Ahn and H. S. Kim. 2006. Influence of corn steep liquor on feeding value of urea treated wheat straw in buffaloes fed at restricted diets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19:1610-1616. 과학기술학회마을 DOI |
28 | Mould, F. L., E. R. Orskov and S. O. Mann. 1983. Associative effects of mixed feed. 1. Effects of type and level of supplementation and the influence of the rumen fluid pH on cellolulysis in vivo and dry matter digestion of various roughages. Amin. Feed Sci. Technol. 10:15. DOI ScienceOn |
29 | National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle (6th Rev. Ed.) National Academy Press, Washington, DC. |
30 | National Research Council. 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. Seventh revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. |
31 | Nisa, M., N. A. Touqir, M. Sarwar, M. A. Khan and M. Akhatar. 2005. Effect of additives and fermentation periods on chemical composition and in situ digestion kinetics of Mott grass (Pennisitum purpureum) Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18:812-815. 과학기술학회마을 DOI |
32 | Orskov, E. R. 1992. Protein nutrition in ruminants. 2nd Ed. Academic press, 24-28 oval Road, London. NWI 7DX. pp. 20- 42. |
33 | Paengkoum, P., J. B. Liang, Z. A. Jelan and M. Basery. 2004. Effects of ruminally undegradable protein levels on nitrogen and phosphorus balance and their excretion in Saanen goats fed oil palm fronds. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Tehnol. 26:15-22. |
34 | Pattanaik, A. K., V. R. B. Sastry, R. C. Katiyar and Murari Lal. 2003. Influence of grain processing and dietary protein degradability on N metabolism, energy balance and methane production in young calves. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16:1443-1450. 과학기술학회마을 DOI |
35 | Fu, C. J., E. E. D. Felton, J. W. Lehmkuhler and M. S. Kerley. 2001. Ruminal peptide concentration required to optimize microbial growth and efficiency. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1305-1312. DOI |
36 | Davidson, S., B. A. Hopkins, D. E. Diaz, S. M. Bolt, C. Brownie, V. Fellner and L. W. Whitlow. 2003. Effects of amounts and degradability of dietary protein on lactation, nitrogen utilization, and excretion in early lactation Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:1681-1689. DOI ScienceOn |
37 | Elrod, C. C., M. Van Amburgh and W. R. Butler. 1993. Alterations of pH in response to increased dietary protein in cattle are unique to the uterus. J. Anim. Sci. 71:702-706. DOI |
38 | Flis, S. A. and M. A. Wattiaux. 2005. Effects of parity and supply of rumen-degraded and undegraded protein on production and nitrogen balance in Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2096-2106. DOI ScienceOn |
39 | Giri, S. S., S. Jaggi and N. N. Pathak. 2005. Feeding of grainless diets containing different nitrogen sources to crossbred growing bulls: Effects on rumen fermentation pattern, microbial enzyme activity and ciliate protozoa population. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 118:187-200. DOI ScienceOn |
40 | Gould, C. M. 1969. Unifying hypothesis-fertility status, palatability, ketosis, protein intake. Vet. Rec. 85:662. |
41 | Griswold, K. E., G. A. Apgar, J. Bouton and J. L. Firkins. 2003. Effects of urea infusion and ruminal degradable protein concentration on microbial growth, digestibility, and fermentation in continuous culture. J. Anim. Sci. 81:329-336. DOI |
42 | Griswold, K. E., W. H. Hoover, T. K. Miller and W. V. Thayne. 1996. Effect of form of nitrogen on growth of ruminal microbes in continuous culture. J. Anim. Sci. 74:483-491. DOI |
43 | Baumann, T. A., G. P.Lardy, J. S. Caton and V. L. Anderson. 2004. Effect of energy source and ruminally degradable protein addition on performance of lactating beef cows and digestion characteristics of steers. J. Anim. Sci. 82:2667-2678. DOI |
44 | Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis (15th Ed.) Arlington, Virginia, USA. |
45 | Aziz, T., A. Allahi and A. H. Gillani. 1983. Effects of different sources of N on N metabolism in fistulated buffalo bulls. Pak. Vet. J. 3:73. |
46 | Bach, A., S. Calsamiglia and M. D. Stern. 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 88(E. Suppl.):E9-E21. DOI ScienceOn |
47 | Blummel, M. A., I. Givens, H. P. S. Makkar and K. Becker. 1999. Preliminary studies on the relationship of microbial efficiencies of roughage in vitro and methane production in vivo. Nutr. Physiol. 8:76-85. |
48 | Castillo, A. R., E. Kebreab, D. E. Beever, J. H. Barbi, J. D. Sutton, H. C. Kirby and J. France. 2001. The effect of protein supplementation on nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows fed grass silage diets. J. Anim Sci. 79:247-53. DOI |
49 | Chumpawadee, S., K. Sommart, T. Vongpralub and V. Pattarajinda. 2006. Effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, blood urea nitrogen and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 19:181-188. 과학기술학회마을 |
50 | Pimpa, O., M. Wanapat, K. Sommart and D. Paker. 1996. Effect of levels of NH3-N on straw intake, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. In Proceedings of The 8th AAAP Animal Science Congress, October 13-18th 1996, Tokyo, Japan. Vol. 2, pp. 146-147. |
51 | Sarwar, M., J. L. Firkins and M. L. Esridge. 1991. Effect of replacing neutral detergent fiber of forage with soy hulls and corn gluten feed for dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 74:1006-1017. DOI |
52 | Roffler, R. E. and L. D. Satter. 1975. Relationship between ruminal ammonia and non-protein nitrogen utilization by ruminants. I. Development of a model for predicting nonprotein nitrogen utilization by cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 58:1880- 1889. DOI ScienceOn |
53 | Sarwar, M., M. A. Khan and M. Nisa. 2005. Chemical composition and feeding value of urea treated corncobs ensiled with additives for sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 65:685-690. |