Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.1737

Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Dry Matter Intake, and Production and Chemical Composition of Velvet Antler in Spotted Deer Fed Forest By-product Silage  

Jeon, B.T. (Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University)
Kim, M.H. (Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University)
Lee, S.M. (Dept. of Anim. Sci., Sangju National University)
Moon, S.H. (Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.19, no.12, 2006 , pp. 1737-1741 More about this Journal
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide basic information to allow improved nutritional management for velvet production by investigating the effects of dietary protein levels on dry matter intake and production and chemical composition of velvet antler in spotted deer (Cervus nippon). Twenty-four spotted deer stags were assigned to 4 unreplicated groups, Control (15% CP in diet, higher dry matter), CP10 (10% CP), CP15 (15% CP) and CP20 (20% CP). The velvet antlers were harvested from each stag on the 55th day after casting of the buttons from the previous set, measured for their size and weight, and the chemical composition of each antler was determined in three sections (top, middle, and base). Dry matter (DMI) and crude protein (CPI) intake were highest (p<0.05) for the Control and increased progressively (p<0.05) with increasing dietary protein level. Although not significant, mean length and girth of the main antler beam tended to be larger in either left or right beam with increasing protein level in the diet, longest in CP20 and shortest in CP10. Velvet antler production was lowest in CP10 and highest in CP20, which differed significantly (p<0.05). Only negligible differences were found between groups in chemical composition. It is concluded that dietary protein clearly influenced dry matter intake and velvet antler production, whereas there was comparatively little effect of dietary protein on chemical composition of antler in spotted deer.
Keywords
Chemical Composition; Dietary Protein Level; Dry Matter Intake; Spotted Deer; Velvet Antler Production;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 7  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 7
연도 인용수 순위
1 AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis(15th ed.). Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC., USA
2 Cowan, R. L. and T. A. Long. 1962. Studies on antler growth and nutrition of white-tailed deer. Paper No. 107 Pennsylvania Cooperative Wildl. Res. Unit. pp. 54-61
3 Fennessy, P. F. and J. M. Suttie. 1985. Antler growth: Nutritional and endocrine factors. In: Biology of deer production. (Edl. P. F. Fennessy and K. R. Drew). Royal Society of New Zealand bulletin 22:239-250
4 Fennessy, P. F. 1995. Deer and deer farming-The New Zealand Experience. In: Biotechnology in the feed industry. (Ed. T. P. Lyons and K. A. Jacques). Proc. Alltech's 11th Annual Symp. Nottingham Univ. Press. pp. 157-173
5 Forbes, T. J. and N. Jackson. 1971. A study of the utilization of silages of different dry-matter content by young beef cattle with or without supplementary barley. J. Br. Grassl. Soc. 26:257-264   DOI
6 French, C. E., L. C. McEwen, N. D. Magruder, R. H. Ingram and R. W. Swift. 1956. Nutrient requirements for growth and antler development in the white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 20:221-232   DOI
7 Geist, V. 1986. Super antler and pre-World War II European research. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14:91-94
8 Joo, J. W., G. S. Bae, W. K. Min, H. S. Choi, W. J. Maeng, Y. H. Chung and M. B. Chang. 2005. Effect of protein sources on rumen microbial protein synthesis using rumen simulated continuous culture system. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18:326- 331   DOI
9 Kay, R. N. B. and B. W. Staines. 1981. The nutrition of the red deer (Cervus elaphus). Nutritional abstracts and reviews-series B 51:601-622
10 Muir, P. D. and A. R. Sykes. 1988. Effect of winter nutrition on antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus): a field study. NZ. J. Agric. Res. 31:145-150   DOI
11 Lee, B. Y., H. O. Lee and H. S. Choi. 2003. Analysis of food components of Korean deer antler parts. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 35(1):52-56
12 Blaxter, K. L., R. N. B. Kay and G. A. M. Sharman. 1974. Farming the red deer. The 1st report of an investigation by the Rowett Res. Inst. and the Hill Farming Res. Org. Dept. Agric. Fisheries for Scotland, Edinburgh. pp. 42-47
13 Suttie, J. M., J. R. Webster, R. P. Littlejohn, P. F. Fennessy and I. D. Corson. 1996. Increasing velvet production by improved nutrition. Deer Branch of the New Zealand Vet. Asso. Procd. of a deer course for veterinarians. 13:149-153
14 Chapman, D. I. 1975. Antlers-bones of contention. Mammal review. 5:122-172
15 McEwen, L. C., C. E. French, N. D. Magruder, R. W. Swift and R. H. Ingram. 1957. Nutrient requirements of the white-tailed deer. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 22:119-132
16 Murphy, D. A. and J. A. Coates. 1966. Effects of dietary protein on deer. Trans. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 31:129-139
17 Sim, J. S. 1987. Use of traditional medicines in Korea-Deer antlers. In Focus on a New Industry; Proceedings of the Alberta Game Grower's Association Conference, (Ed. L. A. Renecker). pp. 68-70
18 Forbes, J. M. 1986. The voluntary food intake of farm animals. Butterworth & Co. Ltd. London
19 Pearse, A. J. and P. F. Fennessy. 1991. Optimal velvet antler production in wapiti and red deer. In: Wildlife production: Conservation and sustainable development. (Ed. L. A. Renecker and R. J. Hudson). Agric. For. Exper. Stat. Univ. Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska. pp. 548-556
20 Sunwoo, H. H. 1995. Chemical composition of antlers from wapiti (Cervus elaphus). J. Agri. Food Chem. 43(11):2846-2849   DOI
21 Pearse, A. J., J. M. Suttie and I. D. Corson. 2000. Velvet antler production- Improved nutrition and management. Proc. Asia Aust. Anim. Prod. (C):51-53
22 Hyvarinen, H., R. N. B. Kay and W. J. Hamilton. 1977. Variation in the weight, specific gravity, and composition of the antlers of red deer. Br. J. Nutr. 28:301-311
23 Liang, F., Q. Wang and T. Wen. 1993. Deer feeding for velvet production. The 4th ARRC International Symposium. pp. 115- 122
24 Goering, H. K. and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage fiber analysis (Apparatus, Reagents, Procedure and some Application). Agricultural Hand Book No. 379. Agricultural Research Services. USDA, Washington, DC
25 Haigh, J. C. and R. J. Hudson. 1993. Farming wapiti and red deer. Mosby-Year Book, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri. pp. 149-153
26 Fennessy, P. F. 1989. Velvet antler production: Feeding and breeding. In: Proc. 14th Annual New Zealand Deer Farmers' Assoc. Conf. pp. 15-17
27 Jeon, B. T., S. H. Moon and R. J. Hudson. 2003. Effect of dietary protein level on velvet antler production in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Kor. J. Anim. Sci. 45(4):577-584
28 Muir, P. D., A. R. Skyes and G. K. Barrell. 1987. Growth and mineralisation of antlers in red deer (Cervus, elaphus). NZ J. Agric. Res. 30:305-315   DOI
29 Okamoto, M. 1974. Studies on the ruminating behavior and the digestive physiological significance of rumination. Bullt. Hokaido Agric. Exper. Stat. 30:1-72
30 SAS. 1995. SAS user's guide. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
31 Ullrey, D. E. 1983. Nutrition and antler development in whitetailed deer. In: Antler development in Cervidae. (Ed. R. D. Brown). Proc. 1st Intern. Symp. Caesar Kleberg Wildl. Res. Inst. Colleg. Agric. Texas A & I Univ. Kingsville, Texas. pp. 49-59