Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2016.10.1.001

On-line Measurement of the Surface Area Concentration of Aerosols in Yokohama, Japan, using the Diffusion Charging Method  

Hatoya, Kazuki (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University)
Okuda, Tomoaki (Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University)
Funato, Koji (Tokyo Dylec Corp.)
Inoue, Kozo (Tokyo Dylec Corp.)
Publication Information
Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment / v.10, no.1, 2016 , pp. 1-12 More about this Journal
Abstract
Numerous researchers have proposed that surface area is a more appropriate indicator than mass for evaluating pulmonary inflammatory responses caused by exposure to fine and ultrafine particles. In this study, measurements of surface area concentrations of aerosols were conducted in Yokohama, Japan, using the diffusion charging method. $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration and black carbon concentration in $PM_{2.5}$ were also measured. The 24-hour continuous measurement campaigns were conducted 39 times from March to November, 2014. The surface area concentration was more closely correlated with the black carbon concentration than with the $PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration. It is considered that the abundance of black carbon particles significantly affects the surface area concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. The strength of the correlation between the surface area and black carbon concentrations varied considerably among the measurement campaigns. A relatively weaker afternoon correlation was observed compared with the other time zones (morning, evening, and night). We consider that these phenomena are due to the transportation/formation of the particles other than black carbon that affects surface area concentration and/or the variation of the surface condition of the black carbon particles.
Keywords
Aethalometer; Black carbon; Diffusion charger; Nanoparticle surface area monitor (NSAM); $PM_{2.5}$;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Albuquerque, P.C., Gomes, J.F., Bordado, J.C. (2012) Assessment of exposure to airborne ultrafine particles in the urban environment of Lisbon, Portugal. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 62, 373-380.   DOI
2 Asbach, C., Fissan, H., Stahlmecke, B., Kuhlbusch, T.A.J., Pui, D.Y.H. (2009) Conceptual limitations and extensions of lung-deposited Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor (NSAM). Journal of Nanoparticle Research 11, 101-109.   DOI
3 Bau, S., Witschger, O., Gensdarmes, F., Rastoix, O., Thomas, D. (2010) A TEM-based method as an alternative to the BET method for measuring off-line the specific surface area of nanoaerosols. Powder Technology 200, 190-201   DOI
4 Bau, S., Witschger, O., Gensdarmes, F., Thomas, D. (2012) Evaluating three direct-reading instruments based on diffusion charging to measure surface area concentrations in polydisperse nanoaerosols in molecular and transition regimes. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 14, 1217.   DOI
5 Brunauer, S., Emmett, P.H., Teller, E. (1938) Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. Journal of American Chemical Society 60, 309-319.   DOI
6 Cai, J., Yan, B., Ross, J., Zhang, D., Kinney, P.L., Perzanowski, M.S., Jung, K.H., Miller, R., Chillrud, S.N. (2014) Validation of microAeth$^{(R)}$ as a black carbon monitor for fixed-site measurement and optimization for personal exposure characterization. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 14, 1-9.
7 Cheng, Y.H., Lin, M.H. (2013) Real-time performance of the microAeth$^{(R)}$ AE51 and the effects of aerosol loading on its measurement results at a traffic site. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 13, 1853-1863.
8 China, S., Mazzoleni, C., Gorkowski, K., Aiken, A.C., Dubey, M.K. (2013) Morphology and mixing state of individual freshly emitted wildfire carbonaceous particles. Nature Communications 4, 2122.   DOI
9 China, S., Salvadori, N., Mazzoleni, C. (2014) Effect of traffic and driving characteristics on morphology of atmospheric soot particles at freeway on-ramps. Environmental Science & Technology 48, 3128-3135.   DOI
10 Donaldson, K., Li, X.Y., MacNee, W. (1998) Ultrafine (nanometre) particle mediated lung injury. Journal of Aerosol Science 29, 553-560.   DOI
11 Gaggeler, H.W., Baltensperger, U., Emmenegger, M., Jost, D.T., Schmidt-Ott, A., Haller, P., Hofmann, M. (1989) The epiphaniometer, a new device for continuous aerosol monitoring. Journal of Aerosol Science 20, 557-564.   DOI
12 Draxler, R.R., Rolph, G.D. (2015) HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model access via NOAA ARL READY Website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
13 Ferrero, L., Mocnik, G., Ferrini, B.S., Perrone, M.G., Sangiorgi, G., Bolzacchini, E. (2011) Vertical profiles of aerosol absorption coefficient from micro-Aethalometer data and Mie calculation over Milan. Science of the Total Environment 409, 2824-2837.   DOI
14 Fissan, H., Neumann, S., Trampe, A., Pui, D.Y.H., Shin, W.G. (2007) Rationale and principle of an instrument measuring lung deposited nanoparticle surface area. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 9, 53-59.
15 Giechaskiel, B., Alfoldy, B., Drossinos, Y. (2009) A metric for health effects studies of diesel exhaust particles. Journal of Aerosol Science 40, 639-651.   DOI
16 Heitbrink, W.A., Evans, D.E., Ku, B.K., Maynard, A.D., Slavin, T.J., Peters, T.M. (2009) Relationships among particle number, surface area, and respirable mass concentrations in automotive engine manufacturing. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 6, 19-31.
17 International Commission on Radiological Protection (1994) Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP Publication 66. Annals of the ICRP 24 (1-3):1-482   DOI
18 Japan Meteorological Agency (2015) Meteorological Data Archives. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php (in Japanese)
19 Kaminski, H., Kuhlbusch, T.A.J., Rath, S., Gotz, U., Sprenger, M., Wels, D., Polloczek, J., Bachmann, V., Dziurowitz, N., Kiesling, H.-J., Schwiegelshohn, A., Monz, C., Dahmann, D., Asbach, C. (2013) Comparability of mobility particle sizers and diffusion chargers, Journal of Aerosol Science 57, 156-178.   DOI
20 Jung, H., Kittelson, D.B. (2005) Characterization of aerosol surface instruments in transition regime. Aerosol Science and Technology 39, 902-911.   DOI
21 Kittelson, D.B., Watts, W.F., Savstrom, J.C., Johnson, J.P. (2005) Influence of a catalytic stripper on the response of real time aerosol instruments to diesel exhaust aerosol. Journal of Aerosol Science 36, 1089-1107.   DOI
22 Ku, B.K. (2010) Determination of the ratio of diffusion charging-based surface area to geometric surface area for spherical particles in the size range of 100-900 nm. Journal of Aerosol Science 41, 835-847.   DOI
23 Kulkarni, P., Baron, P.A., Willeke, K. (2011) Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey.
24 Leavey, A., Fang, J., Sahu, M., Biswas, P. (2013) Comparison of measured particle lung-deposited surface area concentrations by an Aerotrak 9000 using size distribution measurements for a range of combustion aerosols, Aerosol Science and Technology 47, 966-978.   DOI
25 LeBouf, R.F., Ku, B.K., Chen, B.T., Frazer, D.G., Cumpston, J.L., Stefaniak, A.B. (2011) Measuring surface area of airborne titanium dioxide powder agglomerates: relationships between gas adsorption, diffusion and mobility-based methods. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 13, 7029-7039.   DOI
26 Nguyen, T.H., Ball, W.P. (2006) Absorption and adsorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants to diesel and hexane soot. Environmental Science & Technology 40, 2958-2964.   DOI
27 Mokhtar, M.-A., Jayaratne, R., Morawska, L., Mazaheri, M., Surawski, N., Buonanno, G. (2013) NSAM-derived total surface area versus SMPS-derived "mobility equivalent" surface area for different environmentally relevant aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science 66, 1-11.   DOI
28 Moteki, N., Kondo, Y., Adachi, K. (2014) Identification by single-particle soot photometer of black carbon particles attached to other particles: Laboratory experiments and ground observations in Tokyo. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 119, 1031-1043.   DOI
29 Nakanishi, J. (2011) Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials "Approaches" - Overview of Approaches and Results - Final Report issued on August 17, 2011 Revised on February 22, 2013 NEDO Project (P06041) "Research and Development of Nanoparticle Characterization Methods."
30 Ntziachristos, L., Giechaskiel, B., Ristimaki, J., Keskinen, J. (2004) Use of a corona charger for the characterisation of automotive exhaust aerosol. Journal of Aerosol Science 35, 943-963.   DOI
31 Ntziachristos, L., Ning, Z., Geller, M.D., Sioutas, C. (2007a) Particle concentration and characteristics near a major freeway with heavy-duty diesel traffic. Environmental Science & Technology 41, 2223-2230.   DOI
32 Ntziachristos, L., Polidori, A., Phuleria, H., Geller, M.D., Sioutas, C. (2007b) Application of a diffusion charger for the measurement of particle surface concentration in different environments. Aerosol Science and Technology 41, 571-580.   DOI
33 Oberdorster, G. (2001) Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 74, 1-8.
34 Okuda, T. (2013) Measurement of the specific surface area and particle size distribution of atmospheric aerosol reference materials. Atmospheric Environment 75, 1-5.   DOI
35 Oberdorster, G., Finkelstein, J.N., Johnston, C., Gelein, R., Cox, C., Baggs, R., Elder, A.C.P. (2000) Acute pulmonary effects of ultrafine particles in rats and mice. Research Report Health Effects Institute 96, 5-74.
36 Oberdorster, G., Gelein, R.M., Ferin, J., Weiss, B. (1995) Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: involvement of ultrafine particles?. Inhalation Toxicology 7, 111-124.   DOI
37 Oberdorster, G., Oberdorster, E., Oberdorster, J. (2005) Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 823-839.   DOI
38 Okuda, T., Isobe, R., Nagai, Y., Okahisa, S., Funato, K., Inoue, K. (2015) Development of a high-volume PM2.5 particle sampler using impactor and cyclone techniques. Aerosol and Air Quality Research 15, 759-767.
39 Okuda, T., Nakao, S., Katsuno, M., Tanaka, S. (2007) Source identification of nickel in TSP and $PM_{2.5}$ in Tokyo, Japan, Atmospheric Environment 41, 7642-7648.   DOI
40 Polidori, A., Hu, S., Biswas, S., Delfino, R.J., Sioutas, C. (2008) Real-time characterization of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient aerosols and from motor-vehicle exhaust. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, 1277-1291.   DOI
41 Rolph, G.D. (2015) Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem (READY) Website (http://ready.arl.noaa.gov). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
42 TSI Incorporated (2010) Measuring Nanoparticle Exposure, Application Note NSAM-001.
43 Rule, A.M., Geyh, A.S., Ramos-Bonilla, J.P., Mihalic, J.N., Margulies, J.D., Polyak, L.M., Kesavan, J., Breysse, P.N. (2010) Design and characterization of a sequential cyclone system for the collection of bulk particulate matter. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 12, 1807-1814.   DOI
44 Sasaki, K., Sakamoto, K. (2006) Diurnal characteristics of suspended particulate matter and PM2.5 in the urban and suburban atmosphere of the Kanto Plain, Japan. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 171, 29-47.   DOI
45 Shin, W.G., Pui, D.Y.H., Fissan, H., Neumann, S., Trampe, A. (2007) Calibration and numerical simulation of Nanoparticle Surface Area Monitor (TSI Model 3550 NSAM). Journal of Nanoparticle Research 9, 61-69.
46 United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009) Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 104 / Tuesday, June 2, 2009 / Notices.
47 Vincent, J.H. (ed) (1999) Particle size-selective sampling for particulate air contaminants. American Conference for Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH.
48 Velasco, E., Siegmann, P., Siegmann, H.C. (2004) Exploratory study of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different environments of Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment 38, 4957-4968.   DOI
49 Whitby, K.T. (1978) The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols. Atmospheric Environment 12, 135-159.   DOI
50 World Health Organization (2005). WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide Global update 2005 Summary of risk assessment. WHO press, Geneva.
51 Yue, D.L., Hu, M., Wang, Z.B., Wen, M.T., Guo, S., Zhong, L.J., Wiedensohler, A., Zhang, Y.H. (2013) Comparison of particle number size distributions and new particle formation between the urban and rural sites in the PRD region, China. Atmospheric Environment 76, 181-188.   DOI