Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2015.18.3.149

Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Enterography: Focused on Crohn's Disease  

Lee, So Mi (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Kim, Woo Sun (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Choi, Young Hun (Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine)
Publication Information
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition / v.18, no.3, 2015 , pp. 149-159 More about this Journal
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease of the intestines characterized by frequent relapse and remission. It often develops in children and adolescents, who are vulnerable to repeated exposure to ionizing radiations. Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is an increasingly important radiation-free imaging modality that is used to evaluate pediatric patients with Crohn's disease. MRE can evaluate extraluminal and extraintestinal abnormalities as well as the status of the bowel wall. In addition, MRE has an advantage in the evaluation of the small bowel involvement. MRE can be used for the initial diagnosis of Crohn's disease, and can aid in the assessment of disease activity and complications such as penetrating and fibrostenotic diseases. The aims of this article are to review the MRE technique for obtaining diagnostic and high-quality images and to discuss interpretations of imaging findings in patients with Crohn's disease.
Keywords
Crohn disease; Child; Adolescent; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance enterography;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Leyendecker JR, Bloomfeld RS, DiSantis DJ, Waters GS, Mott R, Bechtold RE. MR enterography in the management of patients with Crohn disease. Radiographics 2009;29:1827-46.   DOI
2 Day AS, Ledder O, Leach ST, Lemberg DA. Crohn's and colitis in children and adolescents. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:5862-9.   DOI
3 Tolan DJ, Greenhalgh R, Zealley IA, Halligan S, Taylor SA. MR enterographic manifestations of small bowel Crohn disease. Radiographics 2010;30:367-84.   DOI
4 Schreyer AG, Seitz J, Feuerbach S, Rogler G, Herfarth H. Modern imaging using computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) AU1. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:45-54.   DOI
5 Desmond AN, O'Regan K, Curran C, McWilliams S, Fitzgerald T, Maher MM, et al. Crohn's disease: factors associated with exposure to high levels of diagnostic radiation. Gut 2008;57:1524-9.   DOI
6 Lee SS, Kim AY, Yang SK, Chung JW, Kim SY, Park SH, et al. Crohn disease of the small bowel: comparison of CT enterography, MR enterography, and small-bowel follow-through as diagnostic techniques. Radiology 2009;251:751-61.   DOI
7 Horsthuis K, Bipat S, Bennink RJ, Stoker J. Inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed with US, MR, scintigraphy, and CT: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Radiology 2008;247:64-79.   DOI
8 Froehlich JM, Waldherr C, Stoupis C, Erturk SM, Patak MA. MR motility imaging in Crohn's disease improves lesion detection compared with standard MR imaging. Eur Radiol 2010;20:1945-51.   DOI
9 Del Vescovo R, Sansoni I, Caviglia R, Ribolsi M, Perrone G, Leoncini E, et al. Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the terminal ileum: differentiation of activity of Crohn's disease. Abdom Imaging 2008;33:417-24.   DOI
10 Oto A, Fan X, Mustafi D, Jansen SA, Karczmar GS, Rubin DT, et al. Quantitative analysis of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI for assessment of bowel inflammation in Crohn's disease pilot study. Acad Radiol 2009;16:1223-30.   DOI
11 Laghi A, Paolantonio P, Iafrate F, Altomari F, Miglio C, Passariello R. Oral contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging of the bowel. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2002;13:389-96.   DOI
12 Borthne AS, Abdelnoor M, Storaas T, Pierre-Jerome C, Klow NE. Osmolarity: a decisive parameter of bowel agents in intestinal magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2006;16:1331-6.   DOI
13 Lauenstein TC, Schneemann H, Vogt FM, Herborn CU, Ruhm SG, Debatin JF. Optimization of oral contrast agents for MR imaging of the small bowel. Radiology 2003;228:279-83.   DOI
14 Young BM, Fletcher JG, Booya F, Paulsen S, Fidler J, Johnson CD, et al. Head-to-head comparison of oral contrast agents for cross-sectional enterography: small bowel distention, timing, and side effects. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2008;32:32-8.   DOI
15 Kuehle CA, Ajaj W, Ladd SC, Massing S, Barkhausen J, Lauenstein TC. Hydro-MRI of the small bowel: effect of contrast volume, timing of contrast administration, and data acquisition on bowel distention. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;187:W375-85.   DOI
16 Ajaj W, Goehde SC, Schneemann H, Ruehm SG, Debatin JF, Lauenstein TC. Dose optimization of mannitol solution for small bowel distension in MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004;20:648-53.   DOI
17 Ajaj W, Goyen M, Schneemann H, Kuehle C, Nuefer M, Ruehm SG, et al. Oral contrast agents for small bowel distension in MRI: influence of the osmolarity for small bowel distention. Eur Radiol 2005;15:1400-6.   DOI
18 Ajaj W, Goehde SC, Schneemann H, Ruehm SG, Debatin JF, Lauenstein TC. Oral contrast agents for small bowel MRI: comparison of different additives to optimize bowel distension. Eur Radiol 2004;14:458-64.   DOI
19 Mollard BJ, Smith EA, Lai ME, Phan T, Christensen RE, Dillman JR. MR enterography under the age of 10 years: a single institutional experience. Pediatr Radiol 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
20 Absah I, Bruining DH, Matsumoto JM, Weisbrod AJ, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, et al. MR enterography in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective assessment of patient tolerance, image quality, and initial performance estimates. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199:W367-75.   DOI
21 Mollard BJ, Smith EA, Dillman JR. Pediatric MR enterography: technique and approach to interpretationhow we do it. Radiology 2015;274:29-43.   DOI
22 Towbin AJ, Sullivan J, Denson LA, Wallihan DB, Podberesky DJ. CT and MR enterography in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. Radiographics 2013;33:1843-60.   DOI
23 Anupindi SA, Terreblanche O, Courtier J. Magnetic resonance enterography: inflammatory bowel disease and beyond. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2013; 21:731-50.   DOI
24 Darge K, Anupindi SA, Jaramillo D. MR imaging of the abdomen and pelvis in infants, children, and adolescents. Radiology 2011;261:12-29.   DOI
25 Sinha R, Rajiah P, Murphy P, Hawker P, Sanders S. Utility of high-resolution MR imaging in demonstrating transmural pathologic changes in Crohn disease. Radiographics 2009;29:1847-67.   DOI
26 Dillman JR, Smith EA, Khalatbari S, Strouse PJ. I.v. glucagon use in pediatric MR enterography: effect on image quality, length of examination, and patient tolerance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;201:185-9.   DOI
27 Yacoub JH, Obara P, Oto A. Evolving role of MRI in Crohn's disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013;37:1277-89.   DOI
28 Masselli G, Gualdi G. MR imaging of the small bowel. Radiology 2012;264:333-48.   DOI
29 Allen BC, Leyendecker JR. MR enterography for assessment and management of small bowel Crohn disease. Radiol Clin North Am 2014;52:799-810.   DOI
30 Fidler JL, Guimaraes L, Einstein DM. MR imaging of the small bowel. Radiographics 2009;29:1811-25.   DOI
31 Gourtsoyiannis N, Papanikolaou N, Grammatikakis J, Prassopoulos P. MR enteroclysis: technical considerations and clinical applications. Eur Radiol 2002; 12:2651-8.
32 Low RN, Sebrechts CP, Politoske DA, Bennett MT, Flores S, Snyder RJ, et al. Crohn disease with endoscopic correlation: single-shot fast spin-echo and gadolinium- enhanced fat-suppressed spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging. Radiology 2002;222:652-60.   DOI
33 Rottgen R, Grandke T, Grieser C, Lehmkuhl L, Hamm B, Ludemann L. Measurement of MRI enhancement kinetics for evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. Clin Imaging 2010;34:29-35.   DOI
34 Pupillo VA, Di Cesare E, Frieri G, Limbucci N, Tanga M, Masciocchi C. Assessment of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease by means of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Radiol Med 2007;112:798-809.   DOI
35 Sinha R, Rajiah P, Ramachandran I, Sanders S, Murphy PD. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the gastrointestinal tract: technique, indications, and imaging findings. Radiographics 2013;33:655-76; discussion 676-80.   DOI
36 Kiryu S, Dodanuki K, Takao H, Watanabe M, Inoue Y, Takazoe M, et al. Free-breathing diffusion-weighted imaging for the assessment of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009;29:880-6.   DOI
37 Adler J, Punglia DR, Dillman JR, Polydorides AD, Dave M, Al-Hawary MM, et al. Computed tomography enterography findings correlate with tissue inflammation, not fibrosis in resected small bowel Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:849-56.   DOI
38 Oto A, Zhu F, Kulkarni K, Karczmar GS, Turner JR, Rubin D. Evaluation of diffusion-weighted MR imaging for detection of bowel inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease. Acad Radiol 2009;16:597-603.   DOI
39 Maglinte DD, Gourtsoyiannis N, Rex D, Howard TJ, Kelvin FM. Classification of small bowel Crohn's subtypes based on multimodality imaging. Radiol Clin North Am 2003;41:285-303.   DOI
40 Zappa M, Stefanescu C, Cazals-Hatem D, Bretagnol F, Deschamps L, Attar A, et al. Which magnetic resonance imaging findings accurately evaluate inflammation in small bowel Crohn's disease? A retrospective comparison with surgical pathologic analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:984-93.   DOI
41 Gee MS, Nimkin K, Hsu M, Israel EJ, Biller JA, Katz AJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of MR enterography as the primary imaging modality for pediatric Crohn disease assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;197: 224-31.   DOI
42 Rimola J, Rodriguez S, García-Bosch O, Ordás I, Ayala E, Aceituno M, et al. Magnetic resonance for assessment of disease activity and severity in ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Gut 2009;58:1113-20.   DOI
43 Punwani S, Rodriguez-Justo M, Bainbridge A, Greenhalgh R, De Vita E, Bloom S, et al. Mural inflammation in Crohn disease: location-matched histologic validation of MR imaging features. Radiology 2009;252: 712-20.   DOI
44 Gourtsoyianni S, Papanikolaou N, Amanakis E, Bourikas L, Roussomoustakaki M, Grammatikakis J, et al. Crohn's disease lymphadenopathy: MR imaging findings. Eur J Radiol 2009;69:425-8.   DOI
45 Sempere GA, Martinez Sanjuan V, Medina Chulia E, Benages A, Tome Toyosato A, Canelles P, et al. MRI evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:1829-35.   DOI
46 Oto A, Kayhan A, Williams JT, Fan X, Yun L, Arkani S, et al. Active Crohn's disease in the small bowel: evaluation by diffusion weighted imaging and quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011;33:615-24.   DOI
47 Koh DM, Miao Y, Chinn RJ, Amin Z, Zeegen R, Westaby D, et al. MR imaging evaluation of the activity of Crohn's disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;177:1325-32.   DOI
48 Pariente B, Cosnes J, Danese S, Sandborn WJ, Lewin M, Fletcher JG, et al. Development of the Crohn's disease digestive damage score, the Lémann score. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:1415-22.   DOI
49 Sinha R, Verma R, Verma S, Rajesh A. MR enterography of Crohn disease: part 2, imaging and pathologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;197:80-5.   DOI