Vascularisation of Urethral Repairs with the Gracilis Muscle Flap |
Kua, Ee Hsiang Jonah
(Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital)
Leo, Kah Woon (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital) Ong, Yee Siang (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital) Cheng, Christopher (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital) Tan, Bien-Keem (Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital) |
1 | Andrich DE, Dunglison N, Greenwell TJ, et al. The long-term results of urethroplasty. J Urol 2003;170:90-2. DOI |
2 | Brandes SB. Vascular anatomy of the genital skin and the urethra: implications for urethral reconstruction. In: Brandes SB, editor. Urethral reconstructive surgery. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2008. p.153-64. |
3 | Shenfeld OZ, Kiselgorf D, Gofrit ON, et al. The incidence and causes of erectile dysfunction after pelvic fractures associated with posterior urethral disruption. J Urol 2003;169: 2173-6. DOI |
4 | Jordan GH, Colen LB. Penile revascularization after pelvic trauma: current rationale and results. Contemp Urol 1997; 19:24-33. |
5 | Meland NB, Arnold PG, Weiss HC. Management of the recalcitrant total-hip arthroplasty wound. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;88:681-5. DOI |
6 | Asaadi M, Murray KA, Russell RC, et al. Experimental evaluation of free-tissue transfer to promote healing of infected wounds in dogs. Ann Plast Surg 1986;17:6-12. DOI |
7 | Beyer M, Hoffer H, Eggeling T, et al. Free skeletal muscle transplantation to an infarction area: an experimental study in the dog. Microsurgery 1993;14:125-9. DOI |
8 | Shestak KC, Hendricks DL, Webster MW. Indirect revascularization of the lower extremity by means of microvascular free-muscle flap: a preliminary report. J Vasc Surg 1990;12: 581-5. |
9 | Tan BK, Chen HC, He TM, et al. Flap prefabrication: the bridge between conventional flaps and tissue-engineered flaps. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2004;33:662-6. |
10 | Hill MA. Meininger GA. Skeletal muscle microcirculation. In: Barker JH, Anderson GL, Menger MD, editors. Clinically applied micro-circulation research. New York: CRC Press; 1995. p.297-314. |
11 | Frank JM. Angiogenesis. In: Barker JH, Anderson GL, Menger MD, editors. Clinically applied micro-circulation research. New York: CRC Press; 1995. p.375-89. |
12 | Zmora O, Tulchinsky H, Gur E, et al. Gracilis muscle transposition for fistulas between the rectum and urethra or vagina. Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1316-21. DOI |
13 | Lee YT, Lee JM. Gracilis myocutaneous flap for the coverage of an extensive scrotoperineal defect and protection of the ruptured urethra and testes. Yonsei Med J 1990;31:187-91. DOI |
14 | Zinman L. Muscle and myocutaneous grafts in urologic surgery. In: Libertino JA, editor. Pediatric and adult reconstructive urologic surgery. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1987. p.567-97. |
15 | Zinman LN. The combined use of fasciocutaneous, muscular and myocutaneous flaps and graft onlays in urethral reconstruction. In: Brandes SB, editor. Urethral reconstructive surgery. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press; 2008. p.171-87. |
16 | Camp S, Cartwright P, Siddiqi F. The prefabricated gracilis muscle flap with full-thickness skin graft and delay for urethral channel reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2011;67:59-61. DOI |
17 | Beckenstein M, Smith AA, Dinchman K, et al. Muscle flap reconstruction aids in urethral regeneration. Ann Plast Surg 1996;36:641-3. DOI |
18 | Sharma RK, Biswas G. Repair of a urethral fistula following electrical burns using a gracilis muscle flap. Burns 1990;16: 467-70. DOI |
19 | Hamlin RH, Nicholson EC. Reconstruction of urethra totally destroyed in labour. Br Med J 1969;2:147-50. DOI |
![]() |