Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5187/jast.2021.e28

Effect of harvest dates on β-carotene content and forage quality of rye (Secale cereale L.) silage and hay  

Zhao, Guo Qiang (Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University)
Wei, Sheng Nan (Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University)
Liu, Chang (Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University)
Kim, Hak Jin (Research Institute of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Green Bio Science and Technology (GBST), Seoul National University)
Kim, Jong Geun (Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Animal Science and Technology / v.63, no.2, 2021 , pp. 354-366 More about this Journal
Abstract
Limited data about the effects of various factors on forage quality and β-carotene content of rye produced in Korea are available, so this study investigated the effects of two preservation methods. Samples were collected from rye harvested every 5 days between April 25 and May 31, and comparisons were done among rye silage wilted for different periods of time and hay of three growth stages of rye. For the silage, dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents increased with advanced maturity of rye, whereas crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total digestible nutrients (TDN), relative feed value (RFV), and DM loss decreased (p < 0.0001). Wilting increased the DM content and pH value significantly (p < 0.0001). Silage harvested at the heading stage had the lowest pH value (4.45), propionic acid (0.83 g/kg DM), butyric acid (0 g/kg DM), and fungi and yeast populations (3.70 Log CFU/g of fresh matter [FM]); conversely, it had the highest lactic acid (9.7 g/kg DM), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (6.87 Log CFU/g of FM), total microorganisms (TM) (7.33 Log CFU/g of FM), and Flieg's score (70) (p < 0.0001). Wilting elevated LAB and TM populations, but it had no consistent effect on other fermentation products. Both delayed harvest and prolonged wilting decreased β-carotene content. Rye silage harvested around May 9 (heading stage) with 24 h of wilting was preferred for highland, Pyeongchang. For rye hay, advanced maturity decreased DM loss, IVDMD, TDN, and RFV, but it increased DM, ADF, and NDF significantly (p < 0.05). β-carotene was decreased by delay of hay-making. Consequently, to attain lower DM loss and higher hay quality, the harvest date of May 9 (heading stage) is recommended.
Keywords
${\beta}$-Carotene; Forage quality; Hay; Rye; Silage;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Cherney JH, GC Martin. Small grain crop forage potential: I. biological and chemical determinants of quality and yield. Crop Sci. 1982;22:227-31. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200020007x   DOI
2 Kim JG. Effects of harvest maturity and management practices on quality of round baled rye silage [Ph.D. dissertation]. Seoul, Korea: Seoul National University; 1999.
3 Theodosiou M, Laudet V, Schubert M. From carrot to clinic: an overview of the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2010;67:1423-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-010-0268-z   DOI
4 Kume S, Toharmat T. Effect of colostral β-carotene and vitamin A on vitamin and health status of newborn calves. Livest Prod Sci. 2001;68:61-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(00)00214-1   DOI
5 Siebert BD, Kruk ZA, Davis J, Pitchford WS, Harper GS, Bottema CDK. Effect of low vitamin a status on fat deposition and fatty acid desaturation in beef cattle. Lipids. 2006;41:365-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-5107-5   DOI
6 Paul B, John AJ. Using-cool season annual grasses for hay and silage. Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansan; 2013. Agriculture and Natural Resources No.: FSA3064.
7 Ben-Ghedalia D, Kabala A, Miron J, Yosef E. Silage fermentation and in vitro degradation of monosaccharide constituents of wheat harvested at two stages of maturity. J Agric Food Chem. 1995;43:2428-31. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00057a021   DOI
8 Jean-Baptiste-Andre D. Science, 1884;3:750-2. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ns-3.72.750   DOI
9 Bergen WG, TM Byrem, Grant AL. Ensiling characteristics of whole-crop small grains harvested at milk and dough stages. J Anim Sci. 1991;69:1766-74. https://doi.org/10.2527/1991.6941766x   DOI
10 Van Soest PJ, JB Robertson, BA Lewis. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74:3583-97. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2   DOI
11 Holland C, Kezar W, Kautz WP, Lazowski EJ, Mahanna WC, Reinhart R. The pioneer forage manual: a nutritional guide. Desmoines, IA: Pioneer Hi-Bred International; 1990. p. 1-55.
12 Jensen SK, Nielsen KN. Tocopherols, retinol, β-carotene and fatty acids in fat globule membrane and fat globule core in cows' milk. J Dairy Res. 1996;3:565-74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900032106   DOI
13 Tilley JMA, Terry RA. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Brit Grass For Sci. 1963;18:104-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1963.tb00335.x   DOI
14 Zhang XQ, Jin YM, Zhang YJ, Yu Z, Yan WH. Silage quality and preservation of Urtica cannabina ensiled alone and with additive treatment. Grass For Sci. 2014;69:405-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12036   DOI
15 Madigan MT, John MM, Kelly SB, Daniel HB, David AS, Thomas BS. Brock biology of microorganisms. Boston, MA: Pearson; 2012.
16 Muck RE, RK Wilson, PO' Keily. Organic acid content of permanent pasture grasses. Irish J Agric Res. 1991;30:143-52.
17 Gordon FJ. The effect of wilting of herbage on silage composition and its feeding value for milk production. Animal Prod. 1981;32:171-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100024971   DOI
18 Kim JG, Zhao GQ, Liu C, Kim MJ, Kim CM. Chemical changes of Italian ryegrass silage with/without wilting and inoculation. In: Proceedings of the 7th Japan-China-Korea Grassland Conference; 2018; Sapporo, Japan. p. 308-9.
19 Gordon FJ, Dawsona LER, Ferris CP, Steen RWJ, Kilpatrick DJ. The influence of wilting and forage additive type on the energy utilisation of grass silage by growing cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1999;79:15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00013-9   DOI
20 McDonald P. The biochemistry of silage. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons; 1981.
21 Bolsen KK. Silage: Basic principles. In: Barnes RF, Miller DA, Nelson CJ, editors, Forages Vol. II, the science of grassland agriculture. 5th ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press; 1995. p. 163-76.
22 Tian J, Yu Y, Zhu Y, Shao T, Na R, Zhao M. Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants and cellulase on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of Leymus chinensis silage. Grassl Sci. 2014;60:199-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/grs.12059   DOI
23 Kim JD, Lee HJ, Jeon KH, Yang GY, Kwon CH, Sung HG, et al. Effect of harvest stage, wilting and crushed rice on the forage production and silage quality of organic whole crop barely. J Korean Soc Grassl For Sci. 2010;30:25-34. https://doi.org/10.5333/KGFS.2010.30.1.025   DOI
24 Kim JG, Chung ES, Seo S, Ham JS, Kang WS, Kim DA. Effects of maturity at harvest and wilting days on quality of round baled rye silage. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2001;14:1233-7. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.1233   DOI
25 Gollop N, Zakin V, Weinberg ZG. Antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria included in inoculants for silage and in silages treated with these inoculants. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;98:662-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02504.x   DOI
26 Wieringa GW. The influence of nitrate on silage fermentation. In: Proceeding of the 4th International Grassland Congress; 1966. p. 537-40; Helsinki, Finland.
27 Leibensperger RY, Pitt RE. A model of clostridial dominance in ensilage. Grass For Sci. 1987;42:297-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1987.tb02118.x   DOI
28 Jones BA, Satter LD, Muck RE. Influence of bacterial inoculants and substrate addition to lucerne ensiled at different dry matter contents. Grass Forage Sci. 1992;47:19-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02243.x   DOI
29 Noziere P, Graulet B, Lucas A, Martin B, Grolier P, Doreau M. Carotenoids for ruminants: from forages to dairy products. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2006;131:418-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.018   DOI
30 Kasangi DM, Shitandi AA, Shalo PL, Mbugua SK. Effect of spontaneous fermentation of cowpea leaves (Vigna unguiculata) on proximate composition, mineral content, chlorophyll content and beta-carotene content. Int Food Res J. 2010;17:721-32.
31 Kwon OD. Development and evaluation of broccoli by-product silage as a substitutional ingredient of TMR for dairy cows [Master's thesis]. Seoul, Korea: Seoul National University; 2018.
32 Rees DVH. A discussion of sources of dry matter loss during the process of haymaking. J Agric Eng Res. 1982;27:469-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8634(82)90085-3   DOI
33 Hlodversson R, Kaspersson A. Nutrient losses during deterioration of hay in relation to changes in biochemical composition and microbial growth. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1986;15:149-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(86)90022-2   DOI
34 Stone JB, GW Trimberger, CR Henderson, JT Reid, KL Turk, JK Loosli. Forage intake and efficiency of feed utilization in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 1960;43:1275-81. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(60)90314-3   DOI
35 Stokes SR, Prostko EP. Understanding forage quality analysis. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University; 1998. Texas Agricultural Extension No.: L-5198.
36 Bondi A, Sklan D. Vitamin A and carotene in animal nutrition. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1984;8:165-91.
37 Muck RE. Silage microbiology and its control through additives. R Bras Zootec. 2010;39:183-91. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982010001300021   DOI
38 Carter WRB. A review of nutrient losses and efficiency of conserving herbage as silage, barndried hay and field-cured hay. J Br Grassl Soc. 1960;15:220-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1960.tb00183.x   DOI
39 Ballet N, Robert JC, Williams PEV. Vitamins in forages. Wallingford, UK: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International [CABI]; 2000.