Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5187/jast.2019.61.4.204

Effects of dietary energy and crude protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs  

Fang, Lin Hu (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
Jin, Ying Hai (Department of Animal Science, Yanbian University)
Do, Sung Ho (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
Hong, Jin Su (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
Kim, Byung Ock (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
Han, Tae Hee (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
Kim, Yoo Yong (School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Animal Science and Technology / v.61, no.4, 2019 , pp. 204-215 More about this Journal
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and crude protein (CP) levels on growth performance, blood profiles, and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 180 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc) with an average body weight of $30.96{\pm}3.068kg$ were used for a 12-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block (RCB) design. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (13.40 MJ/kg or 13.82 MJ/kg), and the second factor was three dietary CP levels based on subdivision of growing-finishing phases (high: 18%/16.3%/16.3%/13.2% middle: 17%/15.3%/15.3%/12.2% and low: 16%/14.3%/14.3%/11.2%). Average daily gain (ADG) and gain-feed ratio (G:F ratio) decreased as dietary CP level was decreased linearly (linear, p < 0.05; p < 0.05, respectively) in the early growing period, and G:F ration also decreased as dietary CP level was decreased linearly (linearly, p < 0.05) over the whole growing phase. Over the entire experimental period, G:F ratio decreased as dietary ME level decreased (p = 0.01). Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was increased as dietary energy level decreased in growing period (p < 0.01). During finishing period, total protein concentration was decreased by lower dietary energy level (p < 0.05). In this study, there were no significant differences in proximate factors, physiochemical properties, muscle TBARS assay results, pH changes, or color of pork by dietary treatments. However, saturated fatty acid (SFA) increased (p < 0.01) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) decreased (p < 0.05) when ME was decreased by 0.42 MJ/kg in growing-finishing pig diets. In addition, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) tended to increase when CP level was decreased in growing-finishing pig diets (p = 0.06). A growing-finishing diet of 13.82 MJ/kg diet of ME with the high CP level can improve growth performance and show better fatty acids composition of pork.
Keywords
Energy; Crude protein; Growth performance; Blood profiles; Carcass traits; Growing-finishing pigs;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Nieto R, Lara L, Barea R, Garca-Valverde R, Aguinaga MA, Conde-Aguilera JA, et al. Response analysis of the Iberian pig growing from birth to 150 kg body weight to changes in protein and energy supply. J Anim Sci. 2012;90:3809-20.   DOI
2 NRC [National Research Council]. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 1998.
3 NRC [National Research Council]. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press; 2012.
4 Buttery PJ, Boorman KN. The energy efficiency of amino acid metabolism. In: Cole DJA, editor. Protein metabolism and nutrition. London: Butterworths; 1976. p.197.
5 Noblet J, Henry Y, Dubois S. Effect of amino acid balance on nutrient utilization and carcass composition of growing swine. J Anim Sci. 1987;65:717-26.   DOI
6 Le Bellego L, van Milgen J, Dubois S, Noblet J. Energy utilization of low-protein diets in growing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2001;79:1259-71.   DOI
7 Bessa RJ, Hughes RA, Jeronimo E, Moreira OC, Prates JA, Doran O. Effect of pig breed and dietary protein level on selected fatty acids and stearoyl-coenzyme a desaturase protein expression in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:4540-6.   DOI
8 Prandini A, Sigolo S, Morlacchini M, Grilli E, Fiorentini L. Microencapsulated lysine and low-protein diets: effects on performance, carcass characteristics and nitrogen excretion in heavy growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:4226-234.   DOI
9 Hinson RB, Wiegand BR, Ritter JM, Allee LG, Carr SN. Impact of dietary energy level and ractopamine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2011;89:3572-9.   DOI
10 Kerr BJ, Southern LL, Bidner TD, Friesen KG, Easter RA. Influence of dietary protein level, amino acid supplementation, and dietary energy levels on growing-finishing pig performance and carcass composition. J Anim Sci. 2003;81:3075-87.   DOI
11 Chadd SA, Cole DJA. The performance response of growing and finishing pigs fed differing proportions oat feed as a dietary fiber source. EAAP Annual Meeting; Zurich. 1991.
12 Smith JW 2nd, Tokach MD, O’Quinn PR, Nelssen JL, Goodband RD. Effects of dietary energy density and lysine: calorie ratio on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 1999;77:3007-15.   DOI
13 De la Llata M, Dritz SS, Tokach MD, Goddband RD, Nelssen JL, Loughin TM. Effects of dietary fat on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs reared in a commercial environment. J Anim Sci. 2001;79:2643-50.   DOI
14 Lopez J, Goodband RD, Allee GL, Jesse GW, Nelssen LJ, Tokach MD, et al. The effects of diets formulated on an ideal protein basis on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and thermal balance of finishing gilts housed in a hot, diurnal environment. J Anim Sci. 1994;72:367-79.   DOI
15 Kerr BJ, Easter RA. Effect of feeding reduced protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen and energy balance in grower pigs. J Anim Sci. 1995;73:3000-8.   DOI
16 Whittemore CT. The science and practice of pig production. London, UK: Longman Scientific & Technical; 1998. p.661.
17 Schinckel AP, de Lange CF. Characterization of growth parameters needed as inputs for pig growth models. J Anim Sci. 1996;74:2021-36.   DOI
18 Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Brown DC, Friesen KG, Musser RE, Johnson ZB, et al. Effects of dietary lysine and energy density on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed ractopamine. J Anim Sci. 2004;82:3277-87.   DOI
19 AOAC. Official methods of analysis. 16th ed. Washington, DC, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemist; 1995.
20 Kim BG, Lindemann MD. A spreadsheet method for the experimental animal allotment. J Amin Sci. 2007;85:112.
21 Folch J, Lees M, Sloane-Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues. J Biol Chem. 1957;226:497-509.   DOI
22 Jin CF, Kim JH, Han IK, Bea SH. Effects of supplemental synthetic amino acids to the low protein diets on the performance of growing pigs. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 1998;11:1-7.   DOI
23 Edmonds MS, Baker DH. Effect of dietary protein fluctuations and space allocation on performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2003;81:2783-91.   DOI
24 Kil DY, Ji F, Stewart LL, Hinson RB, Beaulieu AD, Allee GL, et al. Effects of dietary soybean oil on pig growth performance, retention of protein, lipids, and energy, and the net energy of corn in diets fed to growing or finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:3283-90.   DOI
25 Bergner H. Protein evaluation and protein metabolism. In: Adler-Nissen J, Eggum BO, Munck L, editors. Biochemical aspects of new protein food. FEBS 11th Meeting. Copenhagen, Danmark: Pergamon Press; 1977. p.149-60.
26 Hahn JD, Gahl MJ, Giesemann MA, Holsgraefe DP, Fodge DW. Diet type and feed form effects on the performance of finishing swine fed the ${\beta}$-mannanase enzyme product Hemicell. J Anim Sci 1995;73 Suppl 1:75.
27 Hatori Y, Noguchi G, Itoh M, Ishibashi T. Effects of dietary protein levels on performance, plasma amino acid concentrations and biochemical components of female growing pigs. Anim Sci Tech. 1994;65:942-9.
28 Whang KY, Easter RA. Blood urea nitrogen as an index of feed efficiency and lean growth potential in growing-finishing swine. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2000;13:811-6.   DOI
29 Coma J, Zimmerman DR, Carrion D. Lysine requirement of the lactating sow determined by using plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion. J Anim Sci. 1996;74:1056-62.   DOI
30 Fuller MF, Weekes TE, Cadenhead A, Bruce JB. The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate. 2. The role of insulin. Br J Nutr. 1977;38:489-96.   DOI
31 Bergsjo B, Langseth W, Nafstad I, Jansen JH, Larsen HJ. The effects of naturally deoxynivalenol-contaminated oats on the clinical condition, blood parameters, performance and carcass composition of growing pigs. Vet Res Commun. 1993;17:283-94.   DOI
32 Matthews JO, Gentry LR, Chapa AM, Higbie AD, Southern LL, Fernandez LM, et al. Changes in plasma metabolites and hormones in pigs relative to time of feeding. J Anim Sci. 1998;76 Suppl 1:168.
33 Kil DY, Ji F, Stewart LL, Hinson RB, Beaulieu AD, Allee GL, et al. Net energy of soybean oil and choice white grease in diets fed to growing and finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2011;89:448-59.   DOI
34 Stewart LL, Kil DY, Ji F, Hinson RB, Beaulieu AD, Allee GL, et al. Effects of dietary soybean hulls and wheat middlings on body composition, nutrient and energy retention, and the net energy of diets and ingredients fed to growing and finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:2756-65.   DOI
35 Madeira MS, Alfaia CM, Costa P, Lopes PA, Lemos JP, Bessa RJ, et al. The combination of arginine and leucine supplementation of reduced crude protein diets for boars increases eating quality of pork. J Anim Sci. 2014;92:2030-40.   DOI
36 EFSA [European Food Safety Authority]. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA J. 2010;8:1461.
37 Widmer MR, McGinnis LM, Wulf DM, Stein HH. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J Anim Sci. 2008;86:1819-31.   DOI
38 Meng QW, Yan L, Ao X, Zhou TX, Wang JP, Lee JH, et al. Influence of probiotics in different energy and nutrient density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and blood characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2010;88:3320-6.   DOI
39 Madsen A, Jakobsen K, Mortensen HP. Influence of dietary fat on carcass fat quality in pigs. A review. Acta Agric Scand. 1992;42:220-5.
40 Teye GA, Sheard PR, Whittington FM, Nute GR, Stewart A, Wood JD. Influence of dietary oils and protein level on pork quality. 1. Effects on muscle fatty acid composition, carcass, meat and eating quality. Meat Sci. 2006;73:157-65.   DOI
41 Wood JD, Lambe NR, Walling GA, Whitney H, Jagger S, Fullarton PJ, et al. Effects of low protein diets on pigs with a lean genotype. 1. Carcass composition measured by dissection and muscle fatty acid composition. Meat Sci. 2013;95:123-8.   DOI
42 Nemechek JE, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC. Effects of diet form and type on growth performance, carcass yield, and iodine value of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2015;93:4486-99.   DOI
43 Jeong TS, Heo PS, Lee GY, Kim DH, Ju WS, Kim YY. The influence of phase feeding methods on growth performance, meat quality, and production cost in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Tech. 2010;52:29-36.   DOI
44 Davis JM, Urrioal PE, Shurson GC, Baidoo SK, Johnston LJ. Effects of adding supplemental tallow to diets containing 30% distillers dried grains with solubles on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality in growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci. 2015;93:266-77.   DOI
45 Jongbloed AW, Lenis NP. Alteration of nutrition as a means to reduce environmental pollution by pigs. Livestock Prod Sci. 1992;31:75-94.   DOI
46 Paik IK, Blair R, Jacob J. Strategies to reduce environmental pollution from animal manure: principles and nutritional management: a review. Asian-Aust. J Anim Sci. 1996;9:615-36.   DOI