Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2021.19.10.119

Gender Differences in Entrepreneurship: The Impact of Social Context  

Choo, Seungyoup (Division of General Studies, Kyonggi University)
Publication Information
Journal of Digital Convergence / v.19, no.10, 2021 , pp. 119-132 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study focused on examining the impact of the social context that causes gender differences in entrepreneurship, not the phenomenon itself. Specifically, this study verified the moderating effect of the social context on the relationship between gender and entrepreneurship using data from 20 countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Trend Report (GETR). In order to test hypotheses involving social context implications, Hofstede's cultural dimension factors such as power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance variables, and institutional factors such as gender equality and social security are used as specific variables reflecting the social context. Empirical analysis through GLM found that gender did not independently influence entrepreneurship, and gender had a significant effect by interacting with power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, gender equality, and social security variables, respectively. Such empirical results show that the gender difference in entrepreneurship is not due to the unique characteristics inherent in each gender but on the level of the country's social context to which the individual belongs.
Keywords
Entrepreneurship; Gender difference; Social context; Hofstede's cultural dimensions; Institution; Female Entrepreneurship;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 H. H. Stevenson & J. C. Jarillo. (1990). A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Management. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 17-27. DOI : 10.3846/1648715x.2007.9637558   DOI
2 H. Ahl & T. Nelson. (2010). Moving Forward: Institutional Perspectives on Gender and Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 5-9. DOI : 10.1108/17566261011044259   DOI
3 Statistics Korea. (2019). 2018 Annual Report on The Economically Active Population Survey. Daejeon: Statistics Korea.
4 S. W. Raudenbush & A. S. Bryk. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (Vol. 1). Sage.
5 H. Ahl. (2006). Why Research on Women Entrepreneurs Needs New Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595-621. DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00138.x   DOI
6 R. S. Shinnar, D. K. Hsu & B. C. Powell. (2014). Self-efficacy, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Gender: Assessing the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education Longitudinally. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(3), 561-570. DOI : 10.1016/j.ijme.2014.09.005   DOI
7 H. K. Kwon & M. G. Ahn. (2021). The Effect of Firm Characteristics on the Female Employment Ratio. Journal of Digital Convergence, 19(1), 177-186. DOI : 10.14400/JDC.2021.19.1.177   DOI
8 J. G. Covin & D. P. Slevin. (1989). Strategic Management of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87. DOI : 10.1002/smj.4250100107   DOI
9 R. K. Mitchell, B. Smith, K. W. Seawright & E. A. Morse. (2000). Cross-cultural Cognitions and the Venture Creation Decision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 974-993. DOI : 10.2307/1556422   DOI
10 T. J. Bae, S. Qian, C. Miao & J. O. Fiet. (2014). The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta-analytic Review. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 217-254. DOI : 10.1111/etap.12095   DOI
11 D. Miller. (1983). The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-792. DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770   DOI
12 G. Segal, D. Borgia & J. Schoenfeld. (2005). The Motivation to Become an Entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 11(1), 42-57. DOI : 10.1108/13552550510580834   DOI
13 J. B. Park, H. K. Joo & H. b. Yang. (2009). Cultivating the Entrepreneurship in Korea Based on the Analysis of Survey on Entrepreneurial Phenomena. The Journal of Business Education, 23(2), 145-164. UCI : G704-001402.2009.23.2.005
14 P. M. Kreiser, L. D. Marino & K. M. Weaver. (2002). Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Entrepreneurial Scale: A Multi-Country Analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 71-92. DOI : 10.1177/104225870202600405   DOI
15 G. Hofstede. (1998). Attitudes, Values and Organizational Culture: Disentangling the Concepts. Organization studies, 19(3), 477-493. DOI : 10.1177/017084069801900305   DOI
16 D. Kanze, L. Huang, M. A.Conley & E. T. Higgins. (2018). We Ask Men to Win and Women Not to Lose: Closing the Gender Gap in Startup Funding. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 586-614. DOI : 10.5465/amj.2016.1215   DOI
17 L. Borghans, J. J. Heckman, B. H. Golsteyn & H. Meijers. (2009). Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Ambiguity Aversion. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(2-3), 649-658. DOI : 10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.2-3.649   DOI
18 F. M. Fossen. (2012). Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Choice and Risk Aversion-a decomposition Based on a Microeconometric Model. Applied Economics, 44(14), 1795-1812. DOI : 10.1080/00036846.2011.554377   DOI
19 P. Koellinger, M. Minniti & C. Schade. (2013). Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Propensity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75(2), 213-234. DOI : 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00689.x   DOI
20 A. De Bruin, C. G. Brush & F. Welter. (2006). Introduction to the Special Issue: Towards Building Cumulative Knowledge on Women's Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 30(5), 585-593. DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00137.x   DOI
21 Y. H. Kim & T. Y. Yang. (2013). Researching Entrepreneurship over the Last Decade : A Challenge for the 21st Century. Asia Pacific Journal of Small Business, 35(3), 347-376. UCI : G704-SER000001590.2013.35.3.009
22 S. G. Walter & D. Dohse. (2012). Why Mode and Regional Context Matter for Entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10), 807-835. DOI : 10.1080/08985626.2012.721009   DOI
23 L. De Vita, M. Mari & S. Poggesi. (2014). Women Entrepreneurs in and from Developing Countries: Evidences from the Literature. European Management Journal, 32(3), 451-460. DOI : 10.1016/j.emj.2013.07.009   DOI
24 S. J. Kwon. (2018). Building a Theory of Korean Venture Growth from Cases: Opportunity Pursuit Mechanism driven by Entrepreneurship, Industrial Environment, and Government Policy. Journal of the Korean Entrepreneurship Socieity, 13(3), 140-167. DOI : 10.24878/tkes.2018.13.3.140   DOI
25 Science & Technology Policy Institute. (2018). In-depth Study of 2018 Entrepreneurship Survey. Seoul: Korea Entrepreneurship Foundation.
26 P. Arenius & M. Minniti. (2005). Perceptual Variables and Nascent Entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 233-247. DOI : 10.1007/s11187-005-1984-x   DOI
27 Y. Zhang, G. Duysters & M. Cloodt. (2014). The Role of Entrepreneurship Education as a Predictor of University Students' Entrepreneurial Intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(3), 623-641. DOI : 10.1007/s11365-012-0246-z   DOI
28 J. C. Hayton, G. George & S. A. Zahra. (2002). National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Review of Behavioral Research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-52. DOI : 10.1177/104225870202600403   DOI
29 C. G. Brush. (1992). Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, A New Perspective and Future Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(4), 5-30. DOI : 10.1177/104225879201600401   DOI
30 S. Birley. (1989). Female Entrepreneurs: Are They Really Any Different? Journal of Small Business Management, 27(1), 32-35.
31 T. Bates, W. E. Jackson III & J. H. Johnson Jr. (2007). Advancing Research on Minority Entrepreneurship. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 613(1), 10-17. DOI : 10.1177/0002716207303405   DOI
32 P. Goyal & V. Yadav. (2014). To Be or Not to Be a Woman Entrepreneur in a Developing Country. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 2(2), 68-78.
33 L. W. Busenitz & C.-M. Lau. (1996). A Cross-cultural Cognitive Model of New Venture Creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4), 25-40. DOI : 10.1177/104225879602000403   DOI
34 G. Hofstede & R. R. McCrae. (2004). Personality and Culture Revisited: Linking Traits and Dimensions of Culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38(1), 52-88. DOI : 10.1177/1069397103259443   DOI
35 D. A. Hofmann, M. A.Griffin & M. B. Gavin. (2000). The Application of Hierarchical Linear Modeling to Organizational Research. In Klein, K. J. and Kozlowski, S. W. J. (Eds.). Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions (pp. 467-511). San Francisco, CA, US: Jossey-Bass.
36 R. S. Shinnar, O. Giacomin & F. Janssen. (2012). Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions: The Role of Gender and Culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and practice, 36(3), 465-493. DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00509.x   DOI
37 R. Shneor, S. Metin Camgoz & P. Bayhan Karapinar. (2013). The Interaction between Culture and Sex in the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25(9-10), 781-803. DOI : 10.1080/08985626.2013.862973   DOI
38 G. Hofstede. (1980). Culture and Organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15-41. DOI : 10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300   DOI
39 G. Hofstede, G. J. Hofstede & M. Minkov. (2005). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. (Vol. 2): Citeseer.
40 S. Choo & H. Kong. (2019). The Effects of Gender and Childbirth on Entrepreneurship: Implications for the Activation of Female Entrepreneurship. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 14(5), 93-104. DOI : 10.16972/apjbve.14.5.201910.93   DOI
41 G. Hofstede. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. Sage publications.
42 A. Wieland, M. Kemmelmeir & B. McKelvey. (2016). The Gender Congruence Bias in Entrepreneurship, Academy of Management Proceedings. 2016(1). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management, 2016. DOI : 10.5465/ambpp.2016.14183abstract   DOI
43 S. Choo & H. Kong. (2019). An Exploratory Study on the Determinants of Entrepreneurship in Korea: Focusing on Gender Differences. Journal of the Korean Entrepreneurship Socieity, 14(2), 104-122. DOI : 10.24878/tkes.2019.14.2.104   DOI
44 K. D. Suh. (2016). The Effect of Glass Ceiling Induced Factors and Perception on Job Commitment: Focusing on the Comparison between Local Medical Practitioners and Private Medical Practitioners. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14(11), 225-232. DOI : 10.14400/JDC.2016.14.11.225   DOI
45 Ahl, H. (2002). The Construction of the Female Entrepreneur as the Other. In Czarniawska-Joerges, B., B. Czarniawska, and H. Hopfl(Eds.). Casting the Other: The Production and Maintenance of Inequalities in Work Organizations, Psychology Press. 52-67. DOI : 10.4324/9780203994221
46 S. A. Zahra & M. Wright. (2011). Entrepreneurship's Next Act. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(4), 67-83. DOI : 10.5465/amp.2010.0149   DOI
47 R. J. House, P. J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. W. Dorfman & V. Gupta. (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage publications.
48 V. K. Gupta, D. B. Turban, S. A. Wasti & A. Sikdar. (2009). The Role of Gender Stereotypes in Perceptions of Entrepreneurs and Intentions to Become an Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(2), 397-417. DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00296.x   DOI
49 G. T. Lumpkin & G. G. Dess. (1996). Clarifying the Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking it to Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135-172. DOI : 10.5465/amr.1996.9602161568   DOI
50 B. McSweeney. (2002). The Essentials of Scholarship: A Reply to Geert Hofstede. Human relations, 55(11), 1363-1372. DOI : 10.1177/00187267025511005   DOI