Browse > Article

Age-related Circulating Inflammatory Markers and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Korean Women  

Kwak, Ho-Kyung (Department of Home Economics, Korea National Open University)
Kim, Mi-Joung (Department of Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University)
Publication Information
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition / v.14, no.4, 2009 , pp. 451-461 More about this Journal
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the age-related changes of cardiovascular disease risk factors and inflammatory markers in non-obese Korean women. Subjects were 112 women over 20 years old with body mass index (BMI) less than $30 kg/m^2$ and were divided into 3 groups (< 40 years, $40{\sim}59$ years, ${\ge}60$ years). Mean weight and BMI in the oldest group were significantly higher than those in the other 2 younger groups (p < 0.05). Mean total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (BAR) in the oldest group were significantly higher than those in the youngest group (p < 0.05), and mean HDL-cholesterol of the oldest group was significantly lower than that of the youngest group (p < 0.05). The older-aged group showed significantly higher mean values of atherogenic index (AI) and LDL/HDL ratio (p < 0.05) than the respective younger-aged group, and AI was significantly correlated with age, nitric oxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (p < 0.01). In addition, mean vascular cell adhesion molecule-l (VCAM-1) tended to be higher in the older-aged group than the younger group. Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, a proinflammatory maker, was significantly positively correlated with serum homocysteine, a cardiovascular disease risk factor (p < 0.01). In addition, a significantly positive correlation was observed between C-reactive protein and BAR (p < 0.01). Overall results suggested that the aging might affect the increase of cardiovascular disease risk factors including the serum lipid profiles, weight and BMI, and age-related increases of weight and BMI might play a role in changes in certain biomarkers of inflammation. (Korean J Community Nutrition 14(4) : 451${\sim}$461, 2009)
Keywords
aging; body mass index; cholesterol; tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$; homocysteine;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 5  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Johansson L, Schmidt C (2008): Increased apoB/apoA-i ratio is predictive of peripheral arterial disease in initially healthy 58- year-old men during 8.9 years of follow-up. Angiology 59(5): 529-648   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Jung EJ, Kim MS, Jung EY, Kim JU, Lee KM, Jung SP (2006): Correlations of C-reactive Protein Levels with Obesity Index and Metabolic Risk Factors in Healthy Adults. J Korean Acad Fam Med 27(8): 620-628
3 Kilboum JF (1990): Shrinkage necrosis: a distinct mode of cellular death. J Pathol 105(1): 13-20   DOI
4 Kim BH, Son SM (2006): Mechanism of developing diabetic vascular complication by oxidative stress. J Kor Endocrinol Soc 21(6): 448-459   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Kim JE, Kim WY, Lee YJ, Park JE, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Hwang JY (2009): Associations between ApoB/ApoA-I ratios and metabolic syndrome and its components in patients with type 2 diabetes. Korean Diabetes J 33:143-154   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Kwon MJ, Joun YS, Song YO (1994): The degree of lipid oxidation of rat liver fed peroxidized lipid and its effects on anti - oxidative system. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 23(6): 899-907
7 Lau DC, Dhillon B, Yan H, Szmitko PE, Verma S (2005): Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atheroslcerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288 (5): 2031-2041   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Lee I (1991): Aging and degense. Life Sci 1(1): 15-23
9 Lehnardt S, Massillon L, Follett P, Jensen FE, Ratan R, Rosenberg PA, Volpe JJ, Vartanian T (2003): Activation of innate immunity in the CNS triggers neurodegeneration through a Toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(14): 8514-8519   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Davies KJ, Goldberg AL (1987): Protein damaged by oxygen radicals are rapidly degraged in extracts of red blood cells. Biol Chem 262(17): 8227
11 Ferrara A, Barrett-Connor E, Shan J (1997): Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol decrease with age in older men and women circulation. Circulation 96: 37-43   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
12 Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993): Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-a:direct role in obesity linked insulin resistance. Science 259: 87-91   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
13 Rasouli M, Kiasari AM, Mokhberi V (2006): The ratio of apoB/ apoAI, apoB and Lp(a) are the best predictors of stable coronary artery disease. Clin Chem 44(8): 1015-1021   DOI
14 McCully KS (1969): Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 56(1): 111-128
15 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) (2001): Expect panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adult (adult treatment panel III). JAMA 285: 2486-2497   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Ornish D, Brown S, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, AmstrongWT, Gould KL (1992): Can lifestyle changes reverse coronaryheart disease? Lancet 336: 129-133   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Van Gaal LF, Vertommen J, De Leeuw IH (1998): The in vitro oxidizability of lipoprotein particles in obese and non-obese subjects. Atherosclerosis 137(17): 233-250   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Van Guldener C, Stehouwer CD (2000): Hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular pathology, and endothelial dysfunction. Semin Thromb Hemos 26(3): 281-289   DOI   ScienceOn
19 Chung HY (1991): Aging, free radical, arteriosclerosis. Life Sci 1(1):2-14
20 Wong D (1995): Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by human brain microvessel endothelial cells in primary culture. Microvacs Res 49(3): 325-329   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Walldius G, Jungner I (2006): The apoB/apoA-I ratio: a strong, new risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a target for lipidlowering therapy - a review of the evidence. J Internal Medicine 259(5): 493-519   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Arner P (2005): Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes - role of the adipokines. Curr Mol Med 5: 333-339   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
23 Philosophe R, Seibel MM (1991): Menopause and cardiovascular disease. NAACO Clin Issu Perinat Womens Health Nuts 2(4): 441-451   PUBMED
24 Wang P, Ba ZF, Chaudry IH (1994): Administration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vivo depresses endothelium-dependent relaxation. Am J Physiol 266: 2535-2541
25 Yun JW, Lee WY, Park HD, Lim SH, Jung CH, Kim YC, Kim SW (2002): Relationship between body fat distribution and atherosclerotic risk factors in korean populations. J Korean Acad Int Med 63(2): 177-185
26 Chang YJ, Song KE, Park WH, Choi YS, Lee NH (1999a): The total antioxidant capacity according to diet and life style in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. Korean J Clin Pathol 19(5): 504-509
27 Barnes PJ, Liew FY (1995): Nitric oxide and asthma inflammation. Immunol Today 16(3): 128-130   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Griess P (1879): Bemerkungen zu der abhandlung der H.H. Weselsky und Benedikt "Ueber einige azoverbindungen." Chem Ber 12:426   DOI
29 Koerner A, Kratzsch J, Kiess W (2005): Adipocytokines: leptin-the lassical, resistin-the controversical, adiponectin-thepromising, and more to come. Best PractRes lin Endocrinol Metab 19(4): 525-546   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Boushey CJ, Beresford SA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG (1995): A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 274(13):1049-1057   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Jensen J, Nilas L, Christiansen C (1990): Influence of menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Maturitas 12(44): 321-331   DOI
32 Kim YH, Choi BH, Do MS (2006b): The interaction of adipose tissue with immune system and related inflammatory molecules. Immune Network 6(4): 169-178
33 Lee SK, Kim GM, Mun YS (1994): Comparative effects of overweight on serum lipid propile in younger versus older men. J Korean Acad Fam Med 15(8): 551-524
34 Li Z, McNamara JR, Fruchart JC, Luc G, Bard JM, Ordovas JM, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ (1996): Effects of gender and menopausal status on plasma lipoprotein subspecies and particle sizes. J Lipid Res 37(9): 1886-1896   PUBMED
35 Ahn N, Kim K (2008): Effects of regular exercise on the endothelial function in cardiovascular disease. J Korean Oriental Assoc Obesity 17(1): 1-9
36 Kirtchevsky D (1979): Diet, Lipid metabolism and aging. Federation Proc 38(6): 2001-2006   PUBMED
37 Nagel G, Rapp K, Wabitsch M, Buchele G, Kroke A, Zollner I, Weiland SK, Koenig W (2008): Prevalence and cluster of cardiometabolic biomarkers in overweight and obese schoolchildren: results from a large survey in southwest germany. Clin Chem 54 (2): 317-325   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Cho SH, Choi YS (1997): Relation of serum vitamin e and lipoperoxide levels with serum lipid status in korean men. Korean J Community Nutr 2(1): 44-51
39 Husain SR, Cillard J, Cillard P (1987): Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of flavonoids. Phytochemistry 26(9):2489-2491   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Korean National Statistical Office (2008): The Cause Death of Statistics 2007(Deaths And Death Rates)
41 Ministry of Health and Welfare (2006): The Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANESIII), 2005
42 Schindler TH, Cardenas J, Prior JO, Facta AD, Kreissl MC, Zhang XL, Sayre J, Dahlbom M, Licinio J, Schelbert HR (2006): Relationshipbetween increasing body weight, insulinresistance, inflammation, adipocytokineleptin, and coronary circulatory function. JAm Coll Cardiol 47(6): 1188-1195   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Son JC, Han JH, Kim JS, Shim JY, Lee HR, Oh JJ (2002): The relationship between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors. J Korean Acad Fam Med 23(3): 365-373
44 Borst SE, Conover CF (2005): High-fat diet induces increased tissueexpression of TNF-alpha. Life Sci 77(17): 2156-2165   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
45 Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972): Estimation of concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18: 499-502   PUBMED
46 Miller GJ, Miller NE (1975): Plasma high density lipoprotein concentration and development of ischemic heart disease. Lancet 1: 16-19   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Kim SK, Park YS, Byoun KE (2000): Comparison of the total antioxidant status and usual dietary intake in normal and overweight males. Korean J Community Nutr 5(4): 633-641
48 Pepys M, Hirschfield G (2003): C-reactive protein: a critical update. J Clin Invest 111(12): 1805-1812   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
49 Rice-Evans A, Miller N, Paganga G (1997): Total antioxidant status in plasma and body fluids. Method in Enzymology 234: 279-293   DOI
50 Halle M, Berg A, Northoff H, Keul J (1998): Importance of TNFalpha and leptin in obesity and insulin resistance: a hypothesis on the impact of physical exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev 4: 77-94   PUBMED
51 Malinow MR (1990): Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia : A common and easily reversible risk factor for occlusive atherosclerosis. Circulation 81(6): 2004-2006   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
52 Lee KP, Eun HG, Im IS (1997): Potentially Harmful Effects and Effect of Antioxidant by Oxygen Free Radical during Maximal Exercise. Korean Alliance for Health, Physical Education 36(1):243-255
53 O'Brien PJ (1994): Antioxidants and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms. in: armstrong d, ed. Free Radicals in Diagnostic Medicine. pp. 215-229. Plenum Press, New York
54 Oh HG, Kim KJ, Cho SB (2001): Changes of physiological variables according to exercise intensity of continuous exercise in obese men. Korean For Soc 97(4): 417-422
55 Lawrence de Koning AB, Werstruck GH, Zhou J, Austin RC (2003): Hyperhomocysteinemia and its role in the development of atherosclerosis. Clinical Biochemistry 36:431-441   DOI   ScienceOn
56 McGill JR (1979): The relationship of dietary cholesterol to serum cholesterol concentration and to atherosclerosis in man. Am J Clin Nutr 32(12): 2644-2702
57 Chang YH, Park SK, Moon HB, Lee JD, Kim SW, Hwang OY, Hong HN, Cho YJ (1999b): Effect of VCAM - 1 expression in human endothelial cells by proinflammatory cytokines. Korean J Asthma Allergy Clin Immunol 19(2): 163-172
58 Haraldsen G, Kvale D, Lien B, Farstad IN, Brandtzaeg P (1996): Cytokine-regulated expreaaion of e-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-a(ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM1) in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cell. J Immunol 156: 2558-2565
59 Fries JWU, Williama AJ, Atkins RC, Neman W, Lipscomb MF, Collins T (1993): Expression of VCAM-1 and e-selection in an in vivo model of endothelial activation. Am J Pathol 143: 725-737
60 Lee YK, Jeon SM, Choi MS (1999): Total body fat content and its distribution and plasma cholesterol metabolism in elderly women. Korean J Nutr 32(6): 732-738
61 Bereta J, Bereta M, Allison AC, Kruger PB (1997): Inhibitory effect of di-catechol rooperol on VCAM-1 and iNOS expression in cytokine stimulated endothelium. Life Sci 60(4): 325-334   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Kim JH, Kim MJ, Kwak HK (2006a): Obesity indices and plasma total antioxidant status in hypertensive elderly living in ulsan area. Korean J Community Nutr 11(2): 279-288
63 Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H,Okamoto Y, Hotta K, Nishida M, Takahashi M, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (1999): Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 100: 2473-2476   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
64 Gong KM, Kim KJ (2007): Comparison of association of exercise participation with abdominal fat area, insulin resistance, and blood lipid profiles between pre-menopausal and postmenopausal women. Korean J Growth and Development 15(1): 9-17
65 Jialal I, Devara S (2003): Role of C-reactive protein in assessment of cardiovascular risk. Am J Ardiol 91: 200-202   DOI   ScienceOn
66 Kook SR, Park YS, Ko YK, Kim SM, Lee DJ, Kang H C, Yoon BB (1997): Relationship of body fat, lipid, blood pressure, glucose in serum to waist-hip ratio between obese and normal body mass index group. J Korean Acad Fam Med 18(3): 317-327
67 Lee YK (2003): The effect of combined training on the relationship between C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors in the older. Korean J Sport Science 14(3): 26-35
68 Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Miller A (1993): A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci Colch 84: 407-412
69 Stoll BA (2002): Upper abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and breast cancer risk. Int J obes 26(6): 747   DOI   ScienceOn
70 World Health Organization (1998): Obesity:Prevening and Menaging the Global Epidemic-report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. pp.7-12, Geneva
71 Trayhurn P, Wood IS (2004): Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 92: 347-355   DOI   ScienceOn
72 Kim MK (2000): Serum lipids by gender, age and lifestylein Korean adults. Korean J Community Nutr 5: 109-119
73 Welch GN, Loscalzo J (1998): Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 338(15): 1042-1050   DOI   PUBMED   ScienceOn
74 Konukoglu D, Serin O, Turhan MS (2005): Plasma total homocysteine concentrations in obese and non-obese female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; Its relations with plasma oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 33(1): 41-46   PUBMED