Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/cep.2020.01039

The global prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis  

Abedi, Behnam (Department of Medical Laboratory, Khomein University of Medical Sciences)
Akbari, Mehran (Department of Nursing, Khomein University of Medical Sciences)
KhodaShenas, Sahar (Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences)
Tabibzadeh, Alireza (Departments of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences)
Abedi, Ali (Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University of Arak)
Ghasemikhah, Reza (Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences)
Soheili, Marzieh (Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences)
Bayazidi, Shnoo (Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences)
Moradi, Yousef (Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences)
Publication Information
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics / v.64, no.11, 2021 , pp. 575-581 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati in humans. Various types of T. canis are important. Purpose: The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics in the context of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: The MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Sciences, Embase, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health databases were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies published between January 2000 and December 2019 that report the prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics. The evaluation of articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria was performed by 2 researchers individually. Results: The results of 31 relevant studies indicated that the prevalence of Toxocara spp. was 3%-79% in 10,676 cases. The pooled estimate of global prevalence of Toxocara spp. in pediatrics was 30 (95% confidence interval, 22%-37%; I2=99.11%; P=0.00). The prevalence was higher in Asian populations than in European, American, and African populations. Conclusion: Health policymakers should be more attentive to future research and approaches to Toxocara spp. and other zoonotic diseases to improve culture and identify socioeconomically important factors.
Keywords
Learning disability; Neurobiology; Reading disability (dyslexia);
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Alavi SM, Sefidgaran G. Frequency of anti Toxocara antibodies in schoolchildren with chronic cough and eosinophilia in Ahwaz, Iran, 2006. Pak J Med Sci 2008;24:360-3.
2 Mattia S, Colli CM, Adami CM, Guilherme GF, Nishi L, Rubinsky-Elefant G, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children and environmental contamination of urban areas in Parana State, Brazil. J Helminthol 2012;86:440-5.   DOI
3 Thullier P, Guglielmo V, Rajerison M, Chanteau S. Short report: Serodiagnosis of plague in humans and rats using a rapid test. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;69:450-1.   DOI
4 Overgaauw PA. Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: human toxocarosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 1997;23:215-31.   DOI
5 Won KY, Kruszon-Moran D, Schantz PM, Jones JL. National seroprevalence and risk factors for Zoonotic Toxocara spp. infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008;79:552-7.   DOI
6 Gennari SM, Kasai N, de Jesus Pena HF, Cortez A. Ocorrencia de protozoarios e helmintos em amostras de fezes de caes e gatos da cidade de Sao Paulo. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 1999;36:87-91.
7 Oliart-Guzman H, Delfino BM, Martins AC, Mantovani SA, Brana AM, Pereira TM, et al. Epidemiology and control of child toxocariasis in the western Brazilian Amazon - a population-based study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014;90:670-81.   DOI
8 Musso C, Lemos EM, Tsanaclis AM, Pereira FE. Toxocara infection is not associated with viral or bacterial central nervous system infection in children. Neuropediatrics 2006;37:126-9.   DOI
9 Mazur-Melewska K, Jonczyk-Potoczna K, Kemnitz P, Mania A, Figlerowicz M, Sluzewski W. Pulmonary presentation of Toxocara sp. infection in children. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2015;83:250-5.   DOI
10 Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55:475-82.   DOI
11 Hauser WA, Kurland LT. The epidemiology of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 through 1967. Epilepsia 1975;16:1-66.   DOI
12 El-Tantawy NL, El-Nahas HA, Salem DAB, Salem NAB, Hasaneen BM. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. in children with cryptogenic epilepsy. Am J Infect Dis Microbiol 2013;1:92-5.   DOI
13 Aguiar-Santos AM, Andrade LD, Medeiros Z, Chieffi PP, Lescano SZ, Perez EP. Human toxocariasis: frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children and adolescents from an outpatient clinic for lymphatic filariasis in Recife, Northeast Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004;46:81-5.   DOI
14 Sharghi N, Schantz PM, Caramico L, Ballas K, Teague BA, Hotez PJ. Environmental exposure to Toxocara as a possible risk factor for asthma: a clinic-based case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:E111-6.   DOI
15 Silva MB, Amor ALM, Santos LN, Galvao AA, Oviedo Vera AV, Silva ES, et al. Risk factors for Toxocara spp. seroprevalence and its association with atopy and asthma phenotypes in school-age children in a small town and semi-rural areas of Northeast Brazil. Acta Trop 2017;174:158-64.   DOI
16 Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Ottawa: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 2011.
17 Nourian AA, Amiri M, Ataeian A, Haniloo A, Mosavinasab SN, Badali H. Seroepidemiological study for toxocariasis among children in Zanjannorthwest of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2008;11:1844-7.   DOI
18 Espinoza YA, Huapaya PH, Roldan WH, Jimenez S, Arce Z, Lopez E. Clinical and serological evidence of Toxocara infection in school children from Morrope district, Lambayeque, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008;50:101-5.   DOI
19 Dar ZA, Tanveer S, Yattoo GN, Sofi BA, Dar PA, Wani SA. Presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children population of district Anantnag and Pulwama of Kashmir valley. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008;26:400-2.   DOI
20 Sviben M, Cavlek TV, Missoni EM, Galinovic GM. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection among asymptomatic children with eosinophilia in Croatia. J Helminthol 2009;83:369-71.   DOI
21 Degouy A, Menat C, Aubin F, Piarroux R, Woronoff-Lemsi MC, Humbert P. La toxocarose Toxocariasis. Presse Med 2001;30(39-40 Pt 1):1933-8.
22 Roldan WH, Espinoza YA, Atuncar A, Ortega E, Martinez A, Saravia M. Frequency of eosinophilia and risk factors and their association with Toxocara infection in schoolchildren during a health survey in the north of Lima, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008;50:273-8.   DOI
23 Yazar S, Yaman O, Cetinkaya U, Hamamci B, Sahin I. Investigation of anti-Toxocara canis IgG antibodies in patients presenting at The Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Department of Parasitology. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 2010;34:24-6.
24 Macpherson CN. The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: a zoonosis of global importance. Int J Parasitol 2013;43:999-1008.   DOI
25 Magnaval JF, Glickman LT, Dorchies P, Morassin B. Highlights of human toxocariasis. Korean J Parasitol 2001;39:1-11.   DOI
26 Schacher JF. A contribution to the life history and larval morphology of Toxocara canis. J Parasitol 1957;43:599-610 passim.   DOI
27 Sharma R, Singh BB, Gill JP. Larva migrans in India: veterinary and public health perspectives. J Parasit Dis 2015;39:604-12.   DOI
28 Manini MP, Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Nishi L, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Association between contamination of public squares and seropositivity for Toxocara spp. in children. Vet Parasitol 2012;188:48-52.   DOI
29 Buijs J, Borsboom G, van Gemund JJ, Hazebroek A, van Dongen PA, van Knapen F, et al. Toxocara seroprevalence in 5-year-old elementary schoolchildren: relation with allergic asthma. Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:839-47.   DOI
30 Genchi C, Di Sacco B, Gatti S, Sangalli G, Scaglia M. Epidemiology of human toxocariasis in northern Italy. Parassitologia 1990;32:313-9.
31 Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2007;4:e297.   DOI
32 von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:573-7.   DOI
33 Mendonca LR, Figueiredo CA, Esquivel R, Fiaccone RL, Pontes-de-Carvalho L, Cooper P, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara infection in children from an urban large setting in Northeast Brazil. Acta Trop 2013;128:90-5.   DOI
34 Shokouhi S, Abdi J. Seroprevalence of Toxocara in children from urban and rural areas of Ilam Province, West Iran. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2018;9:101-4.   DOI
35 Pinelli E, Herremans T, Harms MG, Hoek D, Kortbeek LM. Toxocara and Ascaris seropositivity among patients suspected of visceral and ocular larva migrans in the Netherlands: trends from 1998 to 2009. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;30:873-9.   DOI
36 Sariego I, Kanobana K, Junco R, Vereecken K, Nunez FA, Polman K, et al. Frequency of antibodies to Toxocara in Cuban schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 2012;17:711-4.   DOI
37 Kanobana K, Vereecken K, Junco Diaz R, Sariego I, Rojas L, Bonet Gorbea M, et al. Toxocara seropositivity, atopy and asthma: a study in Cuban schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 2013;18:403-6.   DOI
38 Guilherme EV, Marchioro AA, Araujo SM, Falavigna DL, Adami C, Falavigna-Guilherme G, et al. Toxocariasis in children attending a Public Health Service Pneumology Unit in Parana State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2013;55:S0036-46652013000300189.
39 Archelli S, Santillan GI, Fonrouge R, Cespedes G, Burgos L, Radman N. Toxocariasis: seroprevalence in abandoned-institutionalized children and infants. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014;46:3-6.   DOI
40 Cortes NN, Nunez CR, Guiliana BG, Garcia PA, Cardenas RH. Presence of anti-Toxocara canis antibodies and risk factors in children from the Amecameca and Chalco regions of Mexico. BMC Pediatr 2015;15:65.   DOI
41 Sowemimo OA, Lee YL, Asaolu SO, Chuang TW, Akinwale OP, Badejoko BO, et al. Seroepidemiological study and associated risk factors of Toxocara canis infection among preschool children in Osun State, Nigeria. Acta Trop 2017;173:85-9.   DOI
42 Zarnowska H, Borecka A, Gawor J, Marczynska M, Dobosz S, Basiak W. A serological and epidemiological evaluation of risk factors for toxocariasis in children in central Poland. J Helminthol 2008;82:123-7.   DOI
43 Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 2005;46:470-2.   DOI
44 Rostami A, Sepidarkish M, Ma G, Wang T, Ebrahimi M, Fakhri Y, et al. Global prevalence of Toxocara infection in cats. Adv Parasitol 2020;109:615-39.   DOI
45 Paludo ML, Falavigna DL, Elefant GR, Gomes ML, Baggio ML, Amadei LB, et al. Frequency of Toxocara infection in children attended by the health public service of Maringa, south Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007;49:343-8.   DOI
46 Santarem VA, Leli FN, Rubinsky-Elefant G, Giuffrida R. Protective and risk factors for toxocariasis in children from two different social classes of Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2011;53:66-72.
47 Schoenardie ER, Scaini CJ, Brod CS, Pepe MS, Villela MM, McBride AJ, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxocara infection in children from southern Brazil. J Parasitol 2013;99:537-9.   DOI
48 Muradian V, Gennari SM, Glickman LT, Pinheiro SR. Epidemiological aspects of Visceral Larva Migrans in children living at Sao Remo Community, Sao Paulo (SP), Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005;134:93-7.   DOI
49 Antonios SN, Eid MM, Khalifa EA, Othman AA. Seroprevalence study of Toxocara canis in selected Egyptian patients. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2008;38:313-8.
50 Fialho PMM, Correa CRS, Lescano SZ. Asthma and Seroconversion from Toxocara spp. infection: which comes first? Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:4280792.   DOI
51 MacLean JD, Graeme-Cook FM. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 12-2002. A 50-year-old man with eosinophilia and fluctuating hepatic lesions. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1232-9.   DOI
52 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009;6:e1000097.   DOI
53 Gabrielli S, Tasic-Otasevic S, Ignjatovic A, Fraulo M, Trenkic-Bozinovic M, Momcilovic S, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxocara canis infection in Serbia during 2015. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017;14:43-9.   DOI
54 Martinez M, Garcia H, Figuera L, Gonzalez V, Lamas F, Lopez K, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of toxocariasis in preschool children in Aragua state, Venezuela. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015;109:579-88.   DOI
55 Alonso JM, Bojanich MV, Chamorro M, Gorodner JO. Toxocara seroprevalence in children from a subtropical city in Argentina. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2000;42:235-7.   DOI
56 Sadjjadi SM, Khosravi M, Mehrabani D, Orya A. Seroprevalence of toxocara infection in school children in Shiraz, southern Iran. J Trop Pediatr 2000;46:327-30.   DOI
57 Chang BS, Lowenstein DH. Epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1257-66.   DOI
58 Pautova EA, Dovgalev AS, Astanina SIu. Toxocariasis in children and adolescents with allergic and bronchopulmonary diseases, HIV infection, hepatitis B and C risk groups: results of serological screening. Med Parazitol (Mosk) 2013;(2):13-7.
59 Marchioro AA, Colli CM, Ferreira EC, Viol BM, Araujo SM, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Risk factors associated with toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in populations of children from nine cities in southern Brazil. J Helminthol 2015;89:428-32.   DOI