Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3345/kjp.2016.59.1.1

Catch-up growth and catch-up fat in children born small for gestational age  

Cho, Won Kyoung (Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Suh, Byung-Kyu (Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea)
Publication Information
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics / v.59, no.1, 2016 , pp. 1-7 More about this Journal
Abstract
Infants born small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of perinatal morbidity, persistent short stature, and metabolic alterations in later life. Recent studies have focused on the association between birth weight (BW) and later body composition. Some reports suggest that fetal nutrition, as reflected by BW, may have an inverse programing effect on abdominal adiposity later in life. This inverse association between BW and abdominal adiposity in adults may contribute to insulin resistance. Rapid weight gain during infancy in SGA children seemed to be associated with increased fat mass rather than lean mass. Early catch-up growth after SGA birth rather than SGA itself has been noted as a cardiovascular risk factor in later life. Children who are born SGA also have a predisposition to accumulation of fat mass, particularly intra-abdominal fat. It is not yet clear whether this predisposition is due to low BW itself, rapid postnatal catch-up growth, or a combination of both. In this report, we review the published literature on central fat accumulation and metabolic consequences of being SGA, as well as the currently popular research area of SGA, including growth aspects.
Keywords
Small for gestational age infant; Birth weight; Abdominal obesity; Insulin resistance;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Clayton PE, Cianfarani S, Czernichow P, Johannsson G, Rapaport R, Rogol A. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the International Societies of Pediatric Endocrinology and the Growth Hormone Research Society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:804-10.   DOI
2 Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K. Growth in full-term small-forgestational-age infants: from birth to final height. Pediatr Res 1995;38:733-9.   DOI
3 Westwood M, Kramer MS, Munz D, Lovett JM, Watters GV. Growth and development of full-term nonasphyxiated small-for-gestational-age newborns: follow-up through adolescence. Pediatrics 1983;71:376-82.
4 Hales CN, Barker DJ. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 1992;35:595-601.   DOI
5 Hernandez MI, Mericq V. Metabolic syndrome in children born small-for-gestational age. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2011;55:583-9.   DOI
6 Saenger P, Czernichow P, Hughes I, Reiter EO. Small for gestational age: short stature and beyond. Endocr Rev 2007;28:219-51.   DOI
7 Cho WK, Jung IA, Suh BK. Crrent growth status and metabolic parameters of Korean adolescents born small for gestational age: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2010-2011. Pediatr Int 2014;56:344-8.   DOI
8 Euser AM, Dekker FW, Hallan SI. Intrauterine growth restriction: no unifying risk factor for the metabolic syndrome in young adults. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17:314-20.
9 Kaneshi T, Yoshida T, Ohshiro T, Nagasaki H, Asato Y, Ohta T. Birthweight and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Japanese schoolchildren. Pediatr Int 2007;49:138-43.   DOI
10 Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Maurer KR, Kuczmarski RJ, McGlynn A, Davis WW. Growth of infants and young children born small or large for gestational age: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:1225-31.
11 Pollack RN, Divon MY. Intrauterine growth retardation: definition, classification, and etiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1992;35:99-107.   DOI
12 Chernausek SD. Mendelian genetic causes of the short child born small for gestational age. J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29(1 Suppl):16-20.   DOI
13 Clausson B, Cnattingius S, Axelsson O. Preterm and term births of small for gestational age infants: a population-based study of risk factors among nulliparous women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:1011-7.   DOI
14 Lee PA, Chernausek SD, Hokken-Koelega AC, Czernichow P; International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board. International Small for Gestational Age Advisory Board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003;111(6 Pt 1):1253-61.   DOI
15 Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K, Kwan CW, Chan FY. Early spontaneous catch-up growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15 Suppl 5:1243-55.
16 Lindsay RS, Dabelea D, Roumain J, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Type 2 diabetes and low birth weight: the role of paternal inheritance in the association of low birth weight and diabetes. Diabetes 2000;49:445-9.   DOI
17 Gluckman PD, Harding JE. The physiology and pathophysiology of intrauterine growth retardation. Horm Res 1997;48 Suppl 1:11-6.
18 Hokken-Koelega AC, De Ridder MA, Lemmen RJ, Den Hartog H, De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Drop SL. Children born small for gestational age: do they catch up? Pediatr Res 1995;38:267-71.   DOI
19 Leger J, Levy-Marchal C, Bloch J, Pinet A, Chevenne D, Porquet D, et al. Reduced final height and indications for insulin resistance in 20 year olds born small for gestational age: regional cohort study. BMJ 1997;315:341-7.   DOI
20 Argente J, Mehls O, Barrios V. Growth and body composition in very young SGA children. Pediatr Nephrol 2010;25:679-85.   DOI
21 Iniguez G, Ong K, Bazaes R, Avila A, Salazar T, Dunger D, et al. Longitudinal changes in insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin sensitivity, and secretion from birth to age three years in small-forgestational- age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4645-9.   DOI
22 Tenhola S, Halonen P, Jaaskelainen J, Voutilainen R. Serum markers of GH and insulin action in 12-year-old children born small for gestational age. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;152:335-40.   DOI
23 Albertsson-Wikland K, Boguszewski M, Karlberg J. Children born small-for-gestational age: postnatal growth and hormonal status. Horm Res 1998;49 Suppl 2:7-13.   DOI
24 Botero D, Lifshitz F. Intrauterine growth retardation and long-term effects on growth. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999;11:340-7.   DOI
25 Johnston LB, Dahlgren J, Leger J, Gelander L, Savage MO, Czernichow P, et al. Association between insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) polymorphisms, circulating IGF-I, and pre- and postnatal growth in two European small for gestational age populations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4805-10.   DOI
26 Arends N, Johnston L, Hokken-Koelega A, van Duijn C, de Ridder M, Savage M, et al. Polymorphism in the IGF-I gene: clinical relevance for short children born small for gestational age (SGA). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2720.   DOI
27 Cianfarani S, Maiorana A, Geremia C, Scire G, Spadoni GL, Germani D. Blood glucose concentrations are reduced in children born small for gestational age (SGA), and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are increased in SGA with blunted postnatal catch-up growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:2699-705.   DOI
28 Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC, Stanhope R. Growth and growth hormone secretion. J Endocrinol 1988;119:179-84.   DOI
29 Leger J, Limoni C, Collin D, Czernichow P. Prediction factors in the determination of final height in subjects born small for gestational age. Pediatr Res 1998;43:808-12.   DOI
30 Leger J, Noel M, Limal JM, Czernichow P. Growth factors and intrauterine growth retardation. II. Serum growth hormone, insulinlike growth factor (IGF) I, and IGF-binding protein 3 levels in children with intrauterine growth retardation compared with normal control subjects: prospective study from birth to two years of age. Study Group of IUGR. Pediatr Res 1996;40:101-7.   DOI
31 Hokken-Koelega AC. Timing of puberty and fetal growth. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;16:65-71.   DOI
32 Labayen I, Moreno LA, Ruiz JR, Gonzalez-Gross M, Warnberg J, Breidenassel C, et al. Small birth weight and later body composition and fat distribution in adolescents: the Avena study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008;16:1680-6.   DOI
33 Lazar L, Pollak U, Kalter-Leibovici O, Pertzelan A, Phillip M. Pubertal course of persistently short children born small for gestational age (SGA) compared with idiopathic short children born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149:425-32.   DOI
34 Vicens-Calvet E, Espadero RM, Carrascosa A; Spanish SGA Collaborative Group. Small for gestational age. longitudinal study of the pubertal growth spurt in children born small for gestational age without postnatal catch-up growth. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2002;15:381-8.
35 Jaquet D, Collin D, Levy-Marchal C, Czernichow P. Adult height distribution in subjects born small for gestational age. Horm Res 2004;62:92-6.
36 Hofman PL, Cutfield WS, Robinson EM, Bergman RN, Menon RK, Sperling MA, et al. Insulin resistance in short children with intrauterine growth retardation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:402-6.
37 NEEL JV. Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"? Am J Hum Genet 1962;14:353-62.
38 Albertsson-Wikland K, Karlberg J. Postnatal growth of children born small for gestational age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1997;423:193-5.
39 Dunger DB, Ong KK, Huxtable SJ, Sherriff A, Woods KA, Ahmed ML, et al. Association of the INS VNTR with size at birth. ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. Nat Genet 1998;19:98-100.   DOI
40 Vu-Hong TA, Durand E, Deghmoun S, Boutin P, Meyre D, Chevenne D, et al. The INS VNTR locus does not associate with smallness for gestational age (SGA) but interacts with SGA to increase insulin resistance in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2437-40.   DOI
41 Byberg L, McKeigue PM, Zethelius B, Lithell HO. Birth weight and the insulin resistance syndrome: association of low birth weight with truncal obesity and raised plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 but not with abdominal obesity or plasma lipid disturbances. Diabetologia 2000;43:54-60.   DOI
42 Laitinen J, Pietilainen K, Wadsworth M, Sovio U, Jarvelin MR. Predictors of abdominal obesity among 31-y-old men and women born in Northern Finland in 1966. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:180-90.   DOI
43 Vaag A, Jensen CB, Poulsen P, Brons C, Pilgaard K, Grunnet L, et al. Metabolic aspects of insulin resistance in individuals born small for gestational age. Horm Res 2006;65 Suppl 3:137-43.
44 Rasmussen EL, Malis C, Jensen CB, Jensen JE, Storgaard H, Poulsen P, et al. Altered fat tissue distribution in young adult men who had low birth weight. Diabetes Care 2005;28:151-3.   DOI
45 Martinez-Aguayo A, Capurro T, Pena V, Iniguez G, Hernandez MI, Avila A, et al. Comparison of leptin levels, body composition and insulin sensitivity and secretion by OGTT in healthy, early pubertal girls born at either appropriate- or small-for-gestational age. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;67:526-32.
46 Szalapska M, Stawerska R, Borowiec M, Mlynarski W, Lewinski A, Hilczer M. Metabolic syndrome components among children born small for gestational age: analysis of the first decade of life. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2010;16:270-6.
47 Mori M, Mori H, Yamori Y, Tsuda K. Low birth weight as cardiometabolic risk in Japanese high school girls. J Am Coll Nutr 2012;31:39-44.   DOI
48 Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Turck D, Rodriguez G, Meirhaeghe A, et al. Early life programming of abdominal adiposity in adolescents: The HELENA Study. Diabetes Care 2009;32:2120-2.   DOI
49 Dolan MS, Sorkin JD, Hoffman DJ. Birth weight is inversely associated with central adipose tissue in healthy children and adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:1600-8.   DOI
50 Labayen I, Moreno LA, Blay MG, Blay VA, Mesana MI, Gonzalez- Gross M, et al. Early programming of body composition and fat distribution in adolescents. J Nutr 2006;136:147-52.   DOI
51 Labayen I, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Sjostrom M. Birth weight and subsequent adiposity gain in Swedish children and adolescents: a 6-year follow-up study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20:376-81.   DOI
52 Crume TL, Scherzinger A, Stamm E, McDuffie R, Bischoff KJ, Hamman RF, et al. The long-term impact of intrauterine growth restriction in a diverse U.S. cohort of children: the EPOCH study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014;22:608-15.   DOI
53 Choi CS, Kim C, Lee WJ, Park JY, Hong SK, Lee MG, et al. Association between birth weight and insulin sensitivity in healthy young men in Korea: role of visceral adiposity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000;49:53-9.   DOI
54 Pilgaard K, Færch K, Poulsen P, Larsen C, Andersson EA, Pisinger C, et al. Impact of size at birth and prematurity on adult anthropometry in 4744 middle-aged Danes: The Inter99 study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2010;1:319-28.   DOI
55 Howe LD, Chaturvedi N, Lawlor DA, Ferreira DL, Fraser A, Davey Smith G, et al. Rapid increases in infant adiposity and overweight/ obesity in childhood are associated with higher central and brachial blood pressure in early adulthood. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1789-96.   DOI
56 Kelishadi R, Haghdoost AA, Jamshidi F, Aliramezany M, Moosazadeh M. Low birthweight or rapid catch-up growth: which is more associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in later life? A systematic review and cryptanalysis. Paediatr Int Child Health 2015;35:110-23.   DOI
57 Druet C, Ong KK. Early childhood predictors of adult body composition. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;22:489-502.   DOI
58 Chomtho S, Wells JC, Williams JE, Davies PS, Lucas A, Fewtrell MS. Infant growth and later body composition: evidence from the 4-component model. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1776-84.   DOI
59 Okada T, Takahashi S, Nagano N, Yoshikawa K, Usukura Y, Hosono S. Early postnatal alteration of body composition in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants: implications of catch-up fat. Pediatr Res 2015;77:136-42.   DOI
60 Tinnion R, Gillone J, Cheetham T, Embleton N. Preterm birth and subsequent insulin sensitivity: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2014;99:362-8.   DOI
61 Stevens A, Bonshek C, Whatmore A, Butcher I, Hanson D, De Leonibus C, et al. Insights into the pathophysiology of catch-up compared with non-catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: an integrated analysis of metabolic and transcriptomic data. Pharmacogenomics J 2014;14:376-84.   DOI
62 Deng HZ, Li YH, Su Z, Ma HM, Huang YF, Chen HS, et al. Association between height and weight catch-up growth with insulin resistance in pre-pubertal Chinese children born small for gestational age at two different ages. Eur J Pediatr 2011;170:75-80.   DOI
63 Bol VV, Delattre AI, Reusens B, Raes M, Remacle C. Forced catchup growth after fetal protein restriction alters the adipose tissue gene expression program leading to obesity in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009;297:R291-9.   DOI
64 Kerkhof GF, Leunissen RW, Hokken-Koelega AC. Early origins of the metabolic syndrome: role of small size at birth, early postnatal weight gain, and adult IGF-I. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:2637-43.   DOI
65 Dulloo AG, Jacquet J, Seydoux J, Montani JP. The thrifty 'catchup fat' phenotype: its impact on insulin sensitivity during growth trajectories to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30 Suppl 4:S23-35.   DOI
66 Dulloo AG. Regulation of fat storage via suppressed thermogenesis: a thrifty phenotype that predisposes individuals with catch-up growth to insulin resistance and obesity. Horm Res 2006;65 Suppl 3:90-7.
67 Ong KK, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB. Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000;320:967-71.   DOI
68 Ibanez L, Ong K, Dunger DB, de Zegher F. Early development of adiposity and insulin resistance after catch-up weight gain in small-for-gestational-age children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2153-8.   DOI
69 Leunissen RW, Stijnen T, Hokken-Koelega AC. Influence of birth size on body composition in early adulthood: the programming factors for growth and metabolism (PROGRAM)-study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;70:245-51.   DOI
70 Wells JC, Dumith SC, Ekelund U, Reichert FF, Menezes AM, Victora CG, et al. Associations of intrauterine and postnatal weight and length gains with adolescent body composition: prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. J Adolesc Health 2012;51(6 Suppl): S58-64.   DOI
71 Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F, Tajima N, Silink M, Arslanian S, et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes 2007;8:299-306.   DOI
72 Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Hayman L, Lustig RH, McCrindle B, et al. Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2009;119:628-47.   DOI